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. 2024 Jun 10;18:1701–1716. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S464371

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© 2024 Garg and Hadziahmetovic.

This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms (https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

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Normal eye compared with choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration. Arrows show drug targets and mode of action.¹⁴^,²⁴^,²⁵ Adapted from Rastoin O, Pages G, Dufies M. Experimental models in neovascular age related macular degeneration. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(13):4627. Creative Commons.²⁴

Abbreviations: AMD, age-related macular degeneration; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; vPDT, verteporfin photodynamic therapy.