FIGURE 4.

Smoke inhalation and cigarette smoke extract (CSE) reduce the maximum elevation of [Ca²⁺]_i, ATP level and decrease mitochondrial membrane potential in isolated guinea pig pancreatic ductal cells. (A) Representative traces and summary data of the δRatio_max showing the effect of smoking and CSE on [Ca²⁺]_i. The maximum response to 100 µM carbachol was significantly smaller in pancreatic ductal fragments isolated from the smoking animals and also after pretreatment with 80 µg/mL CSE (n = 5−7). (B) Total ATP depletion induced by a combination of deoxyglucose/iodoacetate/carbonyl cyanide 3‐chlorophenylhydrazone showed a significantly lower level of intracellular ATP in pancreatic ductal fragments isolated from the smoking animals or treated with CSE (n = 5−7). (C) Mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly diminished by smoking or CSE incubation (n = 5−7). (D) Representative traces of [Ca²⁺]_i demonstrating that CSE incubation significantly reduced extracellular Ca²⁺ influx in guinea pig pancreatic ductal fragments. (E) Summary data for cAMP measurements showing that total intracellular cAMP level was significantly reduced after preincubation of 20, 40 and 80 µg/mL CSE in CAPAN‐1 cells (n = 3).