Fig. 3.

Distributions of Estimated Effects for Scenario 8. Note: Neither stage: no sampling weights in either stage; 1st stage: only use sampling weights to estimate mediation weights; 2nd stage: only use sampling weights in outcome model; Both stages: use sampling weights in both stages. Sampling Methods: 1. $S\sim U$, 2. $S\sim U+M$, 3. $S\sim U+A$, 4. $S\sim 1$