Table 3.
Risk factors and loss of independence after hip fracture: odds ratio (first year), hazard ratio (continuously).
| Variable name | Loss of independence over 1 year | Loss of independence continuously over time | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio | 95% CI | p-value | Hazard ratio | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Change in walking ability from index to 4 months after fracture (ref: Good recovery) | ||||||
| Moderate recovery | 3.52 | (2.27–5.46) | <0.001 | 2.60 | (1.97–3.42) | <0.001 |
| Poor recovery | 12.01 | (7.82–18.44) | <0.001 | 5.95 | (4.53–7.82) | <0.001 |
| Estimated LBM, kg (ref: <45) | ||||||
| 45–49 | 0.67 | (0.54–0.83) | <0.001 | 0.69 | (0.59–0.82) | <0.001 |
| 50–54 | 0.73 | (0.56–0.97) | 0.027 | 0.68 | (0.55–0.84) | <0.001 |
| 55–59 | 0.52 | (0.37–0.74) | <0.001 | 0.50 | (0.38–0.66) | <0.001 |
| 60+ | 0.85 | (0.57––1.27) | 0.430 | 0.62 | (0.45–0.85) | 0.003 |
| Male (ref: female) | 1.25 | (0.98–1.61) | 0.075 | 1.47 | (1.22–1.78) | <0.001 |
| Age group, years (ref: 85+) | ||||||
| 60–64 | 0.12 | (0.02–0.86) | 0.035 | 0.37 | (0.15–0.93) | 0.035 |
| 65–69 | 0.65 | (0.34–1.24) | 0.188 | 0.63 | (0.37–1.06) | 0.083 |
| 70–74 | 1.71 | (1.16–2.53) | 0.007 | 1.62 | (1.18–2.21) | 0.003 |
| 75–79 | 1.98 | (1.38–2.85) | <0.001 | 2.02 | (1.51–2.71) | <0.001 |
| 80–84 | 2.83 | (2–4.01) | <0.001 | 2.95 | (2.23–3.9) | <0.001 |
| Days from fracture to surgery (ref: 0 days) | ||||||
| 1–2 days | 0.82 | (0.69–0.97) | 0.019 | 0.89 | (0.78–1.01) | 0.074 |
| 3–7 days | 0.64 | (0.44–0.94) | 0.024 | 0.74 | (0.55–1) | 0.050 |
| >1 week | 0.73 | (0.32–1.67) | 0.450 | 0.87 | (0.48–1.59) | 0.657 |
| Pre-fracture independent walking (ref: could not walk/walked only with company indoors) | ||||||
| Walked alone outdoors | 0.46 | (0.35–0.62) | <0.001 | 0.57 | (0.45–0.71) | <0.001 |
| Walked only with company outdoors, or walked alone but only indoors | 0.83 | (0.63–1.1) | 0.203 | 0.89 | (0.72–1.11) | 0.313 |
| Pre-fracture use of walking aids (ref: rolling walker/wheelchair/bed bound) | ||||||
| No aids | 0.75 | (0.63–0.89) | 0.001 | 0.77 | (0.67–0.88) | <0.001 |
| One or two aid(s) (cane/crutch) | 0.96 | (0.74–1.24) | 0.736 | 0.93 | (0.76–1.13) | 0.473 |
| Elixhauser comorbidity index (continuous) | 1.03 | (0.96–1.1) | 0.417 | 1.04 | (0.99–1.1) | 0.097 |
| Specific comorbidities (ref groups: not having the comorbidity) | ||||||
| Dementia | 2.79 | (2.24–3.47) | <0.001 | 2.40 | (2.04–2.82) | <0.001 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 0.78 | (0.38–1.59) | 0.493 | 0.83 | (0.49–1.41) | 0.489 |
| Osteoporosis treatment experience | 0.90 | (0.75–1.08) | 0.243 | 0.96 | (0.84–1.1) | 0.541 |
| Glucocorticoid use | 0.74 | (0.57–0.97) | 0.028 | 0.83 | (0.68–1.01) | 0.066 |
| Secondary osteoporosis | 0.74 | (0.54–1.01) | 0.057 | 0.84 | (0.65–1.07) | 0.157 |
| Exposure to drugs that increase the risk of falls | 1.13 | (0.82–1.55) | 0.452 | 1.18 | (0.93–1.51) | 0.177 |
| Lifestyle factors (ref groups: not having the lifestyle factors) | ||||||
| Current smoking | 1.91 | (0.76–4.78) | 0.167 | 1.29 | (0.68–2.45) | 0.436 |
| Alcohol use | 0.51 | (0.18–1.42) | 0.194 | 0.73 | (0.35–1.54) | 0.411 |
| Parent hip fracture | 0.81 | (0.44–1.48) | 0.490 | 0.82 | (0.5–1.34) | 0.428 |
| Constant | 0.17 | (0.07–0.39) | <0.001 | 0.17 | (0.07–0.39) | <0.001 |
LBM: lean body mass.