TABLE 1.
Preoperative and operative patient characteristics stratified by major operative morbidity
| Variable | Major operative morbiditya* |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 485) | No (n = 696) | ||
| Demographics | |||
| Age | 42 (31‐55) | 38 (29‐52) | .007 |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 152 (31.3) | 234 (33.6) | .411 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.9 (22.3‐31.2) | 24.8 (21.6‐28.4) | <.001 |
| Race | |||
| White | 381 (78.6) | 566 (81.3) | .241 |
| Black | 70 (14.4) | 85 (12.2) | .266 |
| Other | 34 (7.0) | 45 (6.5) | .712 |
| Hypertension | 215 (44.3) | 268 (38.5) | .038 |
| Diabetes | 86 (17.7) | 80 (11.5) | .002 |
| Non‐insulin‐dependent | 51 (10.5) | 47 (6.8) | .021 |
| Insulin‐dependent | 35 (7.2) | 33 (4.7) | .072 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 146 (30.1) | 166 (23.9) | .012 |
| Renal status | |||
| GFR (ml/min) | 68.7 (42.9‐98.1) | 84.3 (64.2‐104.8) | <.001 |
| Dialysis | 54 (11.1) | 43 (6.2) | .002 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 50 (10.3) | 44 (6.3) | .011 |
| Previous stroke | 130 (26.8) | 177 (25.4) | .597 |
| Lung disease | 47 (9.7) | 49 (7.0) | .074 |
| Immunosuppression | 41 (8.5) | 38 (5.5) | .042 |
| Previous MI | 76 (15.7) | 80 (11.5) | .026 |
| Previous PCI | 22 (4.5) | 20 (2.9) | .129 |
| CHF | 258 (53.2) | 248 (35.6) | <.001 |
| Prior cardiac surgery | |||
| Previous CABG | 27 (5.6) | 27 (3.9) | .171 |
| Previous valve surgery | 169 (34.8) | 228 (32.8) | .450 |
| Incidence | |||
| Re‐operative cardiovascular surgery | 182 (37.5) | 238 (34.2) | .247 |
| Number of valves affected | |||
| 1 | 320 (66.0) | 546 (78.5) | <.001 |
| ≥2 | 165 (34.0) | 150 (21.6) | |
| Presenting in shock | 60 (12.4) | 11 (1.6) | <.001 |
| Urgency of intervention | |||
| Elective | 81 (16.7) | 147 (21.1) | .058 |
| Urgent/emergent | 404 (83.3) | 549 (78.9) | |
| Cultured organism | |||
| Staphylococcus aureus | 173 (35.7) | 212 (30.5) | .060 |
| Streptococcus | 93 (19.2) | 181 (26.0) | .006 |
| Coagulase‐negative staphylococcus | 15 (3.1) | 17 (2.4) | .498 |
| Enterococcus | 63 (13.0) | 86 (12.4) | .747 |
| Fungal | 20 (4.1) | 34 (4.9) | .538 |
| Other | 86 (17.7) | 125 (18.0) | .920 |
| Culture negative | 35 (7.2) | 41 (5.9) | .361 |
| Operative details | |||
| Native valve procedure | |||
| Aortic valve replacement | 161 (33.2) | 242 (34.8) | .705 |
| Mitral valve procedure | |||
| Mitral valve replacement | 107 (22.1) | 131 (18.8) | .034 |
| Mitral valve repair | 45 (9.3) | 89 (12.8) | .140 |
| Tricuspid valve procedure | |||
| Tricuspid valve replacement | 88 (18.4) | 93 (13.4) | .004 |
| Tricuspid valve repair | 38 (7.8) | 72 (10.3) | .275 |
| Bioprosthetic valve replacement | 155 (32.0) | 186 (26.7) | .051 |
Abbreviations: CABG; coronary artery bypass graft, CHF; congestive heart failure, MI; myocardial infarction, PCI; percutaneous coronary intervention.
Note: Data presented as median (interquartile range), n (%).
a
Defined as reintubation, prolonged ventilation, pneumonia, renal failure, dialysis, stroke, reoperation for bleeding, and pacemaker.