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. 2024 Jun 15;15:5128. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-49472-x

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Surface and bulk Mn/Fe ratio of catalysts with various levels of manganese. Manganese K-edge XANES spectra b and EXAFS spectra c of ε-Fe₂C-xMn catalysts, with Mn₂O₃, MnO and Mn foil as references. d Mn 2p XPS spectra of ε-Fe₂C-xMn catalysts. e HAADF and STEM-EDS elemental mapping images of ε-Fe₂C-0.06Mn after the FTS reaction. f HAADF and STEM-EDS elemental mapping images of ε-Fe₂C-0.4Mn after the FTS reaction.