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. 2024 Jun 15;10:117. doi: 10.1038/s41531-024-00737-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a The potential scenarios for generating population-wide power spectral density (PSD): the population broad and asymmetric PSD might be caused by the broad and asymmetric PSDs in single sites (the left panel) or the broad and asymmetric distribution in single sites with narrow and symmetric PSDs (on the right panel). b The population half-band width of LFP and SPK beta oscillations in the motor domain of the subthalamic nucleus. The first and second orange/purple bars indicate the half-band width of LFP/SPK before and after the alignment to the peak beta frequency, respectively. The LFP (left panel) and SPK (right panel) spectrograms are whitened in the frequency domain, and their frequencies are shifted to the peak beta frequency. The color scale in the first and second rows of the spectrograms indicates the percentage of total power and the standard deviation from the mean value of the first ten depths in pre-STN (z-score), respectively. The power spectrum densities are the averaged spectrum of LFP (dark red line) and SPK (light red line) in the STN motor domain. Their corresponding shade lines indicate SEM. The power spectrum is normalized by frequency (upper subplot) and by frequency and distance (lower subplot). On the right, the violin plots depict the distribution of half-band widths of LFP and spiking beta oscillations (4.10 ± 2.34 Hz vs 4.40 ± 2.62 Hz (mean ± SD), respectively) in each recording site. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for pairwise comparison of half-band widths between LFP and spiking activity. c The potential mechanism for the downshift of beta center frequency in SPK (the right panel) relative to LFP (the left panel). The black dashed arrow lines (left panel) indicate a lesser impact, and the black bold arrow lines (right panel) represent a greater impact of single-site PSD on population PSD. The horizontal or vertical magenta dashed line is the reference line of the peak beta frequency (ΔFrequency = 0 Hz) in subplot (b), or the reference line of the 20 Hz in subplot (c). See also Supplementary Figs. 11, 12.