Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics Before and After Propensity Score Matching
| Characteristic | Before Propensity Score Matching | After Propensity Score Matching | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-user | User | SMD | Non-user | User | SMD | |||||||
| (N=2058) | (N=286) | (N=1040) | (N=260) | |||||||||
| Age | 56.43±10.87 | 56.99±10.87 | 0.051 | 57.42±11.17 | 56.72±10.68 | 0.064 | ||||||
| Female (%) | 1044 (50.73%) | 158 (55.24%) | 0.091 | 560 (53.85%) | 141 (54.23%) | 0.018 | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.05±3.74 | 27.42±3.36 | 0.104 | 27.18±3.79 | 27.30±3.26 | 0.036 | ||||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 145.15±17.45 | 143.50±18.27 | 0.092 | 145.37±18.43 | 143.72±17.98 | 0.091 | ||||||
| DBP (mmHg) | 86.76±12.57 | 85.52±13.62 | 0.095 | 86.33±13.07 | 86.06±13.74 | 0.020 | ||||||
| Current smoking (%) | 524 (25.46%) | 60 (20.98%) | 0.106 | 241 (23.17%) | 55 (21.15%) | 0.024 | ||||||
| Menopausal (%) | 812 (39.46%) | 98 (34.27%) | 0.267 | 360 (34.62%) | 92 (35.38%) | 0.070 | ||||||
| Laboratory tests | ||||||||||||
| Serum potassium (mmol/L) | 3.90±0.34 | 3.81±0.36 | 0.248 | 3.89±0.33 | 3.81±0.36 | 0.215 | ||||||
| PTH (pg/mL) | 49.90 (35.80–68.68) | 51.90 (40.45–66.20) | 0.085 | 52.33 (38.20–70.28) | 50.90 (39.60–65.90) | 0.071 | ||||||
| Serum calcium (mmol/L) | 2.28±0.30 | 2.32±0.37 | 0.119 | 2.29±0.30 | 2.33±0.38 | 0.111 | ||||||
| 25-hydroxyvitamin D (nmol/L) | 19.61 (12.39–29.50) | 17.60 (11.35–27.45) | 0.075 | 18.91 (12.01–28.58) | 17.75 (11.30–27.80) | 0.012 | ||||||
| Serum phosphorus (mmol/L) | 1.16±0.17 | 1.15±0.16 | 0.067 | 1.16±0.17 | 1.15±0.16 | 0.033 | ||||||
| ALT (U/L) | 23.43 (16.20–36.00) | 22.00 (16.00–36.30) | 0.019 | 23.00 (16.00–33.00) | 22.05 (16.60–37.00) | 0.092 | ||||||
| AST (U/L) | 20.30 (16.71–26.00) | 20.00 (16.45–25.00) | 0.043 | 20.20 (16.90–25.56) | 20.00 (16.64–25.28) | 0.005 | ||||||
| Cr (umol/L) | 64.65±15.98 | 66.03±15.45 | 0.088 | 65.70±16.60 | 65.46±15.31 | 0.015 | ||||||
| ALP (U/L) | 83.49±28.28 | 78.88±30.15 | 0.158 | 77.99 (61.70–97.00) | 79.12 (57.00–103.00) | 0.008 | ||||||
| TSH (uIU/mL) | 2.15 (1.42–3.34) | 2.44 (1.74–3.33) | 0.106 | 2.23 (1.45–3.33) | 2.38 (1.71–3.33) | 0.060 | ||||||
| Urea (umol/L) | 330.93±94.60 | 331.43±94.62 | 0.005 | 331.02±96.28 | 328.88±92.98 | 0.023 | ||||||
| Medical history | ||||||||||||
| PA (%) | 171 (8.31%) | 138 (48.25%) | 1.112 | 102 (9.81%) | 130 (50.00%) | 1.097 | ||||||
| DM (%) | 669 (32.51%) | 54 (18.88%) | 0.316 | 218 (20.96%) | 54 (20.77%) | 0.005 | ||||||
| CHD (%) | 153 (7.43%) | 22 (7.69%) | 0.010 | 83 (7.98%) | 19 (7.31%) | 0.019 | ||||||
| Medications | ||||||||||||
| Statins (%) | 381 (18.51%) | 104 (36.36%) | 0.408 | 323 (31.06%) | 75 (28.85%) | 0.049 | ||||||
| Diuretics (%) | 200 (9.72%) | 62 (21.68%) | 0.333 | 178 (17.12%) | 51 (19.62%) | 0.063 | ||||||
| Beta-blockers (%) | 345 (16.76%) | 80 (27.97%) | 0.271 | 255 (24.52%) | 58 (22.31%) | 0.063 | ||||||
| Calcium channel blockers (%) | 1069 (51.94%) | 198 (69.23%) | 0.359 | 700 (67.31%) | 172 (66.15%) | 0.013 | ||||||
| ACEIs/ARBs (%) | 824 (40.04%) | 168 (58.74%) | 0.381 | 586 (56.35%) | 140 (53.85%) | 0.053 | ||||||
| Antihyperglycemic drug (%) | 566 (27.50%) | 48 (16.78%) | 0.260 | 194 (18.65%) | 47 (18.08%) | 0.003 | ||||||
| DXA BMD T-scores | ||||||||||||
| Lumbar 1 | −0.93±1.56 | −0.08±1.77 | 0.507 | −0.90±1.57 | −0.05±1.77 | 0.505 | ||||||
| Lumbar 2 | −0.87±1.58 | −0.02±1.66 | 0.527 | −0.85±1.61 | 0.01±1.65 | 0.531 | ||||||
| Lumbar 3 | −0.84±1.64 | 0.06±1.69 | 0.541 | −0.79±1.65 | 0.09±1.68 | 0.534 | ||||||
| Lumbar 4 | −0.73±1.66 | 0.11±1.78 | 0.487 | −0.68±1.67 | 0.12±1.76 | 0.467 | ||||||
| Neck | −0.86±1.07 | −0.58±0.92 | 0.280 | −0.87±1.07 | −0.57±0.92 | 0.301 | ||||||
| Wards | −1.12±1.20 | −0.95±1.06 | 0.148 | −1.13±1.18 | −0.94±1.06 | 0.171 | ||||||
| Total | −0.20±1.08 | 0.04±0.95 | 0.235 | −0.19±1.10 | 0.05±0.95 | 0.234 | ||||||
| FRAX scores (%) | ||||||||||||
| MOF | 3.69±2.83 | 3.08±1.80 | 0.257 | 3.66±2.80 | 3.03±1.78 | 0.267 | ||||||
| HF | 1.47±2.24 | 0.99±1.37 | 0.256 | 1.46±2.24 | 0.97±1.37 | 0.264 | ||||||
| Outcomes | ||||||||||||
| Decreased bone mass | 1517 (73.75%) | 162 (56.64%) | 0.350 | 765 (73.56%) | 144 (55.38%) | 0.380 | ||||||
| Osteoporosis (%) | 531 (25.81%) | 38 (13.29%) | 0.320 | 264 (25.38%) | 33 (12.69%) | 0.322 | ||||||
Notes: Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or as numbers, and percentages.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; PTH, parathyroid hormone; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; Cr, creatinine; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone; PA, primary aldosteronism; DM, diabetes mellitus; CHD, coronary heart disease; ACEIs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; Neck, neck of the femur; Wards, Ward’s triangle; Total, total femur; MOF, major osteoporotic fracture; HF, hip fracture, SMD Standardized Mean Difference.