TABLE 1.
Patient demographics and comorbidities.
| Admission location | Ward‐first, n = 75 | ICU‐direct, n = 82 | p‐Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Median age (Q1, Q3) (years) | 64 (50, 74) | 64 (50, 74) | 0.830 |
| Female | 29 (39) | 28 (34) | 0.556 |
| Pregnant, no.; mean gestation age (weeks) | 1 (33) | 2 (14.5) | |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.865 | ||
| White | 15 (20) | 15 (18) | |
| Black/African American | 3 (4) | 2 (2) | |
| Asian | 12 (16) | 13 (16) | |
| Hispanic/Latino/Spanish | 38 (51) | 47 (57) | |
| Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 3 (4) | 1 (1) | |
| Other/combination/not specified | 4 (5) | 4 (5) | |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Cardiovascular disease a | 52 (69) | 56 (68) | 0.888 |
| Pulmonary disease b | 19 (25) | 9 (11) | 0.019 |
| Oxygen use at baseline, no. (mean L/min) c | 2 (2) | 3 (3) | 0.724 |
| Smoking status | 0.463 | ||
| Active | 2 (3) | 4 (5) | |
| Former | 34 (45) | 30 (37) | |
| Never | 39 (52) | 48 (59) | |
| Cerebrovascular disease d | 7 (9) | 12 (15) | 0.309 |
| Liver disease | 6 (8) | 3 (4) | 0.243 |
| Diabetes, with and without end organ damage | 40 (53) | 42 (51) | 0.791 |
| Renal disease e | 7 (9) | 7 (9) | 0.861 |
| Connective tissue disease | 6 (8) | 1 (1) | 0.040 |
| Malignancy f | 9 (12) | 2 (2) | 0.019 |
| Solid organ transplant recipient | 6 (8) | 5 (6) | 0.641 |
| Bone marrow transplant recipient | 2 (3) | 1 (1) | 0.508 |
| Psychiatric disease g | 19 (25) | 14 (17) | 0.205 |
| Chronic steroids, systemic | 8 (11) | 7 (9) | 0.650 |
| Chronic steroids, inhaled | 13 (17) | 3 (4) | 0.005 |
| Immunosuppressive medications h | 10 (13) | 6 (7) | 0.213 |
| DNR or DNR/DNI code status | 3 (4) | 7 (9) | 0.269 |
Note: Values rounded to nearest integer and, unless otherwise stated, expressed as no. (%). Data analyzed with chi‐squared or Mann‒Whitney U‐test as appropriate.
Bold value indicates the statistically significant.
Abbreviation: DNI, do not intubate; DNR, do not resuscitate; Q, quartile.
Cardiovascular disease includes previous myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, arrythmia, peripheral vascular disease, or hypertension.
Pulmonary disease includes asthma, interstitial lung disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, or any condition resulting in chronic oxygen use or chronic hypercapnia.
Oxygen used at baseline excludes isolated nocturnal continuous or bilevel positive airway pressure.
Cerebrovascular disease includes previous transient ischemic attack, stroke with residual deficits, or dementia.
Renal disease includes baseline creatinine >3 mg/dL, dialysis dependent, or previous kidney transplant.
Malignancy excludes any individuals where diagnosis occurred >5 years before index COVID‐19 admission.
Psychiatric disease includes physician‐diagnosed psychosis, anxiety, depression, post‐traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorder (alcohol and drug, excludes marijuana).
Immunosuppressive medications includes active chemotherapy or antirejection medications (excludes steroids).