Table 1.

Relevant experiments of cell-free nucleic acid in pancreatic cancer detection since 2023.

Target	Technology	Experiment objective	AUC	Sample source	Ref.
DNA methylation	Targeted ultra-deep NGS	Detection of PDAC	0.95	Serum	(26)
ctDNA	whole-genome sequencing	Distinguishing between normal and pancreatic cancer	0.66	Pancreatic juice	(27)
ctDNA	next-generation sequencing	Distinguish between early PDAC and normal	/	Pancreatic juice and serum	(28)
DNA methylation	next-generation sequencing	Distinguish between pancreato-biliary cancer and pancreatitis	0.88	Serum	(29)
DNA methylation	next-generation sequencing	Distinguishing between normal and pancreatic cancer	1.00	Serum	(30)
miRNA	RT-qPCR	Distinguishing malignant from benign disease	0.75	Bile	(31)
miRNA	RT-qPCR	Distinguishing PDAC from cholangiocarcinoma	0.81	Bile	(31)
lncRNA	PEViA-UC and PEViA-IP	Detection of PDAC	0.78	Serum	(32)
circRNA	RT-qPCR	Detection of PDAC	0.85	Serum	(33)
circRNA	RT-qPCR	Detection of early PDAC	0.83	Serum	(33)
miRNA	CRISPR-Cas12a powered hybrid nanoparticle	Detection of pancreatic cancer	0.94	Serum	(34)
mRNA	RT-qPCR	Identifying cystic precursor tumors	0.92	Pancreatic cyst fluid	(35)
miRNA	qPCR	Distinguishing between normal and pancreatic cancer	0.93	Serum	(36)
miRNA	ddPCR	Detection of PDAC	0.87	Serum	(37)
human satellite II RNA	ddPCR	Detection of PDAC	0.87	Serum	(37)