FIGURE 1.

Cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations between plasma biomarkers and cognitive domain composite scores. Coefficient plot was generated to visualize the association between each baseline plasma biomarker and baseline domain‐specific cognitive composite score (A) and its rate of change (B). Each biomarker was individually added to a basic model adjusting for age, sex, race, education, and APOE allele. Aβ42/40 abnormal was defined as Aβ42/40 > 0.1249, equivalent to exp(−2.08). Plasma p‐tau181, NfL, and GFAP were standardized to their mean values and standard deviations in the cross‐sectional models (A), while were dichotomized based on their 66th percentiles in the longitudinal models (B). Estimated beta coefficients with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals were plotted for the associations of baseline plasma biomarkers with baseline or with the decline rate of neuropsychological test results. Estimates of beta coefficients in the cross‐sectional models (A) are presented in terms of “The difference in the mean baseline domain‐specific cognitive composite score in abnormal group compared to the mean in normal group” for Aβ42/40 or “The change in baseline domain‐specific cognitive composite score per standard deviation increase in baseline biomarker value” for p‐tau181, NfL, and GFAP. Estimates of beta coefficients in the longitudinal models (B) are presented in terms of “The difference between rates of change in the average domain‐specific cognitive composite scores in Aβ42/40 abnormal group compared with the normal group or p‐tau181, NfL, and GFAP higher groups compared to corresponding lower groups.” ns: The association became not significant after controlling for false discovery rate in multiple hypothesis testing on the same domain. Aβ, amyloid beta; APOE, apolipoprotein E; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; NfL, neurofilament light chain; p‐tau, phosphorylated tau.