Table 1:
Baseline characteristics of the total cohort and according to sex-stratified quartiles of baseline BHB (µmol/L).
| Sex-stratified quartiles of baseline BHB (µmol/L) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M <65.0 | M 65.0–87.0 | M 87.0–131.0 | M >131.0 | |||
| Total | F <72.0 | F 72.0–101.0 | F 101.0–161.0 | F >161.0 | P-value | |
| Total (n) | 521 | 134 | 129 | 131 | 127 | |
| BHB (µmol/L) | 94 (68–147) | 58 (49–64) | 82 (77–87) | 114 (103–131) | 213 (180–316) | <.001 |
| Female [n (%)] | 318 (61.0) | 77 (60.6) | 79 (62.2) | 81 (60.0) | 81 (61.4) | .9 |
| Age (years) | 47.3 ± 11.8 | 47.2 ± 11.2 | 45.9 ± 11.7 | 47.6 ± 11.5 | 48.6 ± 12.7 | .33 |
| Height (cm) | 175 ± 12.5 | 176 ± 9.9 | 175 ± 18.1 | 175 ± 9.8 | 176 ± 10.2 | .67 |
| Weight (kg) | 80.8 ± 16.7 | 81.6 ± 17.2 | 80.3 ± 17.3 | 82.3 ± 17.8 | 78.8 ± 15.2 | .37 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.1 ± 4.6 | 26.1 ± 4.3 | 26.1 ± 4.2 | 26.9 ± 5.4 | 25.5 ± 4.4 | .13 |
| Genetic mutation [n (%)] | .21 | |||||
| PKD1 T | 205 (39.3) | 55 (41.0) | 53 (41.1) | 46 (35.1) | 51 (40.2) | |
| PKD1 NT | 140 (26.9) | 35 (26.1) | 43 (33.3) | 35 (26.7) | 27 (21.3) | |
| PKD2 | 131 (25.1) | 35 (26.1) | 24 (18.6) | 33 (25.2) | 39 (30.7) | |
| Missing/other | 45 (8.6) | 9 (6.7) | 9 (7.0) | 17 (13.0) | 11 (8.5) | |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||||
| Systolic | 130 ± 13.4 | 129 ± 12.7 | 132 ± 14.6 | 129 ± 12.2 | 129 ± 14.1 | .42 |
| Diastolic | 79.6 ± 8.7 | 79.0 ± 8.6 | 80.6 ± 9.8 | 80.1 ± 8.4 | 78.9 ± 8.0 | .33 |
| Antihypertensive use [n (%)] | 378 (72.6) | 93 (69.4) | 94 (72.9) | 100 (76.3) | 91 (71.7) | .65 |
| Beta-blockers [n (%)] | 106 (20.4) | 26 (19.5) | 31 (24.0) | 25 (19.1) | 24 (18.9) | .70 |
| Albuminuria (mg/24 h) | 30 (14–69) | 30 (14–65) | 27 (12–70) | 36 (17–76) | 28 (14–70) | .63 |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 107 (77–149) | 110 (81–152) | 98 (74–132) | 106 (78–147) | 113 (78–159) | .13 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 63.3 ± 28.9 | 61.2 ± 28.4 | 68.2 ± 29.0 | 63.5 ± 28.4 | 60.5 ± 29.6 | .13 |
| CKD stage baseline [n (%)] | .22 | |||||
| Stage 1 + 2 | 251 (48.3) | 57 (43.2) | 72 (55.8) | 66 (51.9) | 54 (42.5) | |
| Stage 3A + B | 205 (39.4) | 56 (42.4) | 45 (34.9) | 51 (38.9) | 53 (41.7) | |
| Stage 4 + 5 | 63 (12.1) | 19 (14.4) | 12 (9.3) | 12 (9.2) | 20 (15.7) | |
| Copeptin (pmol/L) | 7.9 (4.4–15.6) | 7.6 (3.6–14.7) | 6.4 (4.0–11.9) | 8.9 (4.9–19.0) | 9.0 (4.4–22.0) | .03 |
| htTKV (mL/m) | 834 (495–1327) | 828 (517–1322) | 803 (494–1232) | 995 (483–1509) | 782 (479–1259) | .41 |
| Mayo Risk Classification [n (%)] | .39 | |||||
| Low risk | 148 (28.5) | 36 (26.9) | 37 (28.7) | 32 (25.4) | 44 (34.1) | |
| Medium risk | 182 (35.0) | 51 (38.1) | 51 (39.5) | 43 (33.1) | 38 (29.5) | |
| High risk | 158 (30.4) | 37 (27.6) | 36 (27.9) | 47 (36.2) | 38 (29.5) | |
| Unknown | 32 (6.2) | 10 (7.5) | 5 (3.9) | 7 (5.4) | 5 (4.1) | |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.2 ± 0.5 | 5.2 ± 0.5 | 5.2 ± 0.6 | 5.2 ± 0.6 | 5.1 ± 0.6 | .34 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 36.1 ± 3.7 | 36.3 ± 3.2 | 36.0 ± 3.9 | 36.3 ± 3.8 | 35.7 ± 4.1 | .51 |
| Glucagon (pmol/L) | 5.0 (3.4–7.3) | 4.8 (3.4–6.7) | 4.6 (3.0–6.6) | 5.0 (3.5–7.9) | 5.6 (3.7–8.1) | .12 |
| Leucine (µmol/L) | 133 ± 29 | 127 ± 26 | 137 ± 32 | 136 ± 29 | 131 ± 29 | .03 |
| Alcohol use (yes) [n (%)] | 410 (83.5) | 97 (78.9) | 105 (85.4) | 102 (81.0) | 106 (83.5) | .14 |
Normally distributed data are presented as mean ± SD, non-normally distributed as median (IQR) and categorical variables are presented as frequencies and percentages. P-values for differences between groups were tested with one-way ANOVA for normally distributed data, Kruskal–Wallis test for non-normally distributed data and Pearson Chi-Square for categorical data.
Distribution of Mayo Risk Classification: low risk (class 1A, 1B and 2); medium risk (class 1C); and high risk (class 1D and 1E).
M, male; F, female; PKD, polycystic kidney disease; T, truncating; NT, non-truncating; CKD, chronic kidney disease.