Table 1:
The results of the researches that have investigated the deformity of flat feet from exercise to therapeutic interventions
| Author(Ref) | Type of research | Type of intervention | Results | PED |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Samper et al (16) | Review | Treatment | Arthrodesis has been effective in other stages, but is associated with loss of range of motion in the hindfoot and increased pressure on adjacent joints | 4/11 |
| Kim et al (26) | Intermittent | Exercise on balance | This study investigated the effect of SFE using visual feedback on balance and accuracy of knee joint movements in people with flat feet and showed that this exercise improves balance and accuracy of knee movement using visual feedback | 10/11 |
| Evans et al (25) | Review | Treatment | Evaluation of pediatric flat feet should be considered with reference to epidemiological findings, where there is consensus that pediatric flat feet decrease with age and most children are asymptomatic. Globally, there is a need for a standard to classify and manage pediatric flat feet. Until then, evaluation should use the existing evidence-based management model. | 5/11 |
| Jafarnezhad et al (27) | Intermittent and random | Treatment | Intervention: long-term use of arch support orthoses in boys with flexible flat feet to improve lower limb alignment during walking was practical and effective | 9/11 |
| Jafarnezhad et al (28) | Intermittent | Treatment | We conclude that foot orthoses reduce the asymmetry of the hip joint moment on the frontal level, but it has little effect on the ankle and knee joint asymmetry | 6/11 |
| Yart et al (29) | Intermittent | Therapeutic intervention | Therapeutic intervention of CAD-CAM insoles and conventional design are both more effective than artificial insoles in reducing pain in PFFF | 10/11 |
| Nazari et al (30) | Research and observation | Use of insoles | Data analysis showed that the use of textured insoles can be effective in improving balance in people with flexible flat soles. This can be the result of improved inner sense and proprioception. On the other hand, we found that conventional insoles can disturb the balance in this group of patients | 9/11 |
| Aminian et al (31) | Observational | Treatment | The construction of orthoses can effect the distribution of plantar pressure in flat feet | 10/11 |
| Huang et al (32) | Review | Therapeutic and training | Both exercise and foot orthoses can reduce pain, but they do not realign the position of the foot. Exercise alone or together with foot orthoses showed a better effect on the flatness of the soles of adults than the use of foot orthoses. | 8/11 |
| Paydar et al (33) | Intermittent | Training and treatment | The UCBL foot orthosis was able to reduce overall sway and improve balance in people with flexible flat feet | 9/11 |