Figure 4: Metrics Reloaded fosters the convergence of validation methodology across modalities, application domains and classification scales.

The framework considers problems in which categorical target variables are to be predicted at image, object and/or pixel level, resulting (from top to bottom) in image-level classification, object detection, instance segmentation or semantic segmentation problems. These problem categories are relevant across modalities (here computed tomography (CT), microscopy and endoscopy) and application domains. From left to right: annotation of (left) benign and malignant lesions in CT images [3], (middle) different cell types in microscopy images [46], and (right) medical instruments in laparoscopy images [48].