Extended Data Fig. 9. Sensitivity analyses providing additional support for causal effects between MDD, CVD, and shared risk factors.
a, Effect of genetic instruments for MDD (exposure) on CVD and risk factors (outcomes) after excluding the UKB sample from the MDD GWAS (which was responsible for most of the sample overlap in the exposure and outcome GWAS summary statistics). b, Effect of genetic instruments for CVD and risk factors on MDD after excluding the UKB sample from MDD GWAS. c, Results from LHC MR, that corrects for heritable confounders and sample overlap, with the IVW MR estimate given as reference, for the effect of MDD on CVD and risk factors. d Effect of genetic instruments for MDD-ASCVD on outcomes and risk factors. a-d Significantly pleiotropic estimates are indicated with a red asterisk. IVW estimate shown. Results from sensitivity analyses are reported in Supplementary Table 20. Points and error bars represent mean effect size (regression coefficient) and 95% CIs. Sample sizes for GWAS summary statistics are reported in Supplementary Table 1. The term beta refers to the log odds ratio. AF=Atrial Fibrillation; CAD=Coronary Artery Disease; Child. Mal.=Childhood Maltreatment; CRP = C-Reactive Protein; DBP=Diastolic Blood Pressure; Edu=Educational attainment; HDL=High-Density Lipoprotein; HF=Heart Failure; IL6=Interleukin-6; LDL=Low-Density Lipoprotein; MDD=Major Depressive Disorder; NonHDL=Non-High-Density Lipoprotein; PAD=Peripheral Artery Disease; Phys. Act.=Physical activity; PP=Pulse Pressure; Psychosocial=Psychosocial/lifestyle; SBP=Systolic Blood Pressure; T2D=Type II Diabetes; TC=Total Cholesterol; TG=Triglycerides.