Table 7.
Results of the cumulative link mixed model predicting frequency of mask-wearing behavior
| Coefficients | b | SE | z | p | OR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age† | − 0.07 | 0.03 | − 2.79 | .005 | 0.93 | [− 0.12, − 0.02] |
| Gender (male) | − 0.16 | 0.05 | − 3.37 | < .001 | 0.85 | [− 0.30, − 0.07] |
| Gender (non-binary) | 0.24 | 0.17 | 1.43 | .153 | 1.27 | [− 0.09, 0.57] |
| Education level (no schooling) | − 1.06 | 0.56 | − 1.87 | .059 | 0.35 | [− 2.15, 0.04] |
| Education level (primary) | − 0.27 | 0.45 | − 0.61 | .539 | 0.76 | [− 1.15, 0.60] |
| Education level (secondary) | − 0.09 | 0.05 | − 1.81 | .071 | 0.91 | [− 0.20, 0.01] |
| Education level (postgraduate) | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.79 | .429 | 1.05 | [− 0.08, 0.18] |
| Relative income† | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.32 | .753 | 1.01 | [− 0.04, 0.06] |
| Essential worker status | 0.37 | 0.06 | 6.63 | < .001 | 1.45 | [0.26, 0.48] |
| Psychological distress† | 0.13 | 0.03 | 4.81 | < .001 | 1.14 | [0.08, 0.19] |
| Intolerance of uncertainty† | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.75 | .450 | 1.02 | [− 0.03, 0.07] |
| Vaccination status | 0.44 | 0.06 | 7.72 | < .001 | 1.55 | [0.33, 0.55] |
| Delay discounting (AuC)† | − 0.04 | 0.02 | − 1.81 | .071 | 0.96 | [− 0.09, 0.01] |
| Random effects | Estimate | SD |
|---|---|---|
| Intercept error variance (country) | 1.17 | 1.08 |
†The variable was scaled to improve model fit. AuC = Area-under-the-curve; CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio; SD = standard deviation; SE = standard error of the mean. Female was used as the reference category for gender. Undergraduate level of education was used as the reference category for level of education. Unvaccinated was used as the reference category for vaccination status