Table 3.
Outcomes between intervention group and control group (Per-protocol analysis).
| Variables | Control group (n = 55) | P value time | Intervention group (n = 51) | P value time | P value between group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropometric measurement | |||||
| Weight: median (IQR), kg | 70.3 (63.5, 78.5) | – | 66.4 (60.5, 74.6) | – | 0.316 |
| Weight change: median (IQR), Kg | − 1.1 (− 3.4, − 0.1) | < 0.001 | − 1.5 (− 3.1, − 0.1) | < 0.001 | 0.511 |
| Percentage weight change: median (IQR), % | − 1.6 (− 4.4, − 0.1) | < 0.001 | − 2 (− 4.9, − 0.2) | < 0.001 | 0.407 |
| BMI: mean (SD), kg | 26.4 (24.4, 28.8) | – | 26 (23.6, 28.6) | – | 0.481 |
| BMI change: median (IQR), kg/m2 | − 0.4 (− 1.2, 0) | < 0.001 | − 0.6 (− 1.3, 0) | < 0.001 | 0.416 |
| Waist circumference: mean (SD), cm | 91.6 (9.8) | – | 89.3 (9.5) | – | 0.225 |
| Waist circumference change: median (IQR), cm | − 2 (− 4.1, 0) | < 0.001 | − 2 (− 4, − 1) | < 0.001 | 0.990 |
| HGS change: median (IQR), kg | 0.3 (− 0.8, 2.7) | 0.089 | 0.3 (− 0.8, 2.7) | 0.015 | 0.741 |
| Laboratory results | |||||
| ALT: median (IQR), U/L | 25 (20, 39.5) | – | 28 (19, 45) | – | 0.783 |
| ALT change: median (IQR), U/L | − 9 (− 16, − 1) | < 0.001 | − 5 (− 19.5, 1) | 0.002 | 0.705 |
| HOMA-IR: median (IQR), mg/dL | 2.3 (1.4, 3.7) | – | 2.1 (1.4, 2.9) | – | 0.184 |
| HOMA-IR change: median (IQR), mg/dL | − 0.2 (− 1, 0.5) | 0.167 | − 0.3 (− 1.3, 0.5) | 0.047 | 0.578 |
| FIBROSCAN data | |||||
| CAP: mean (SD), dB/m | 267.7 (51) | – | 261.1 (55.8) | – | 0.526 |
| CAP change: mean (SD), dB/m | − 27.5 (42.9) | < 0.001 | − 23.6 (45.9) | < 0.001 | 0.655 |
| Percentage CAP change: mean (SD), % | − 8.6 (14.7) | < 0.001 | − 7.4 (16.2) | < 0.001 | 0.708 |
| Liver stiffness: median (IQR), kPa | 5.4 (4.6, 6.9) | – | 5.4 (4.2, 6.3) | – | 0.465 |
| Liver stiffness change: mean (IQR), kPa | 0.1 (2.4) | 0.904 | − 0.7 (1.8) | 0.003 | 0.035 |
| Bioelectrical impedance analysis data | |||||
| Fat mass: mean (SD), kg | 25.9 (18.8, 29.8) | – | 21.9 (18, 27.5) | – | 0.270 |
| Fat mass change: mean (SD), kg | − 1 (2.1) | 0.002 | − 1.6 (2.2) | < 0.001 | 0.187 |
| Percentage of fat mass: mean (SD), % | 35.7 (9.6) | – | 34.1 (8.6) | – | 0.354 |
| Percentage of fat mass change: mean (SD), % | − 0.6 (1.9) | 0.027 | − 1.2 (2.1) | < 0.001 | 0.172 |
| Skeletal muscle mass: median (IQR), kg | 22.5 (21.2, 27) | – | 22.8 (21.3, 27) | – | 0.788 |
| Skeletal muscle mass change: median (IQR), kg | − 0.4 (0.8) | 0.003 | − 0.3 (0.8) | 0.005 | 0.809 |
| Physical activity | |||||
| Moderate exercise activity, min/week | 60 (0, 162.5) | – | 90 (0, 155) | – | 0.378 |
| Vigorous exercise activity, min/week | 0 | – | 0 (0, 30) | – | 0.281 |
| Any exercise activity, min/week | 80 (0, 180) | – | 120 (40, 255) | – | 0.120 |
ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CAP, controlled attenuation parameter; dB/m, decibels per meter; HbA1c, Hemoglobin A1c; HOMAR-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; IQR, interquartile range; kPa, kilopascal; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SD, standard deviation.