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. 2024 Jun 4;4:1390783. doi: 10.3389/fneph.2024.1390783

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Copyright © 2024 Gholizadeh Ghozloujeh, Singh, Jhaveri, Shah, Lerma, Abdipour and Norouzi

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Medication Safety in Pregnancy and Lactation for Lupus Nephritis Patients. This figure delineates the safety of medications used in managing lupus nephritis during pregnancy (top half) and lactation (bottom half). Medications are categorized into three distinct groups: Green: safe; Orange: drugs requiring caution or with limited; Red: contraindicated. During pregnancy: 1. ACEI (Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor): Contraindicated in the second and third trimester due to fetal renal effects; 2. Cyclophosphamide: Its use may be justified in severe relapses in the 2nd and 3rd trimester, 3. NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs): Caution in the first trimester for women having difficulty conceiving; Increased risk of oligohydramnios after 20 weeks; 4. Azathioprine: Doses should not exceed 2 mg/kg/day.