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. 2024 Jun 4;14:1394070. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1394070

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Copyright © 2024 Oyanguren, Molina, Mugica, Ladero-Auñon, Fuertes, Fernández, Benavides and Elguezabal

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Humoral response to Map antigens. Antibody reactivity detection in experimental groups: non-challenged controls (NC), challenged controls (CC), commercial vaccine (CV), commercial vaccine and probiotic (CV-PR), and probiotic (PR). ELISA OD showing the mean values of n = 5 for each timepoint and standard deviation of anti-IgG reactivity to PPA-3 at (A) PV1, (B) PV2, and (C) PV4 and anti-IgA reactivity to PPA-3 (D), PV1 (E), and PV2 (F) PV4. ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test was applied, and the significant levels were *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001, ***p < 0.0005, and ****p < 0.0001. Reactivity of immunoblot strips calculated with Image J software showing one value per experimental group and isotype (IgG and IgA) at (G) PV1, (H) PV2, and (I) PV4.