FIGURE 3.

Effect of GIP on oxidative stress in rats with spinal cord hemisection injury. (A) Timeline of spinal cord hemisection injury, D‐Ala²GIP administration, and tissue collection. (B) Model of GIP injection in spinal cord injury. Spinal cord hemisection was conducted at T10. For saline and D‐Ala²GIP treatments, each rat was injected with 3 μL saline or D‐Ala²GIP at three sites. R: Rostral, C: Caudal. (C, D) D‐Ala²GIP decreased ROS level after spinal cord hemisection injury for 3 days. The white “*” shows the injury sites and the white box shows the area for statistics of ROS signal. Scale Bar = 500 μm. Statistical results of ROS‐positive cells were shown. n = 3 for sham group, n = 6 for SCI group and SCI + GIP group. The data were shown as mean ± SE, and were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. (E, F) D‐Ala²GIP decreased the number of apoptotic cells after spinal cord hemisection injury for 14 days. The white “*” shows the injury sites, the white arrows are representative TNUEL‐positive signals, and the images on the right are magnified views of the boxed area. Scale Bar = 250 μm, Statistical result of TUNEL mean fluorescence intensity after spinal cord hemisection injury for 14 days. n = 5 for each group. The data were shown as mean ± SE, and were analyzed by Student's t‐test, ***p < 0.001.