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. 2024 Mar 19;9(6):1614–1632. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2024.03.013

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Selected biomarkers of kidney disease as represented by hypothesized mechanism of injury. Although these biomarkers are grouped according to the available evidence for their involvement in kidney injury pathways, there is likely overlap in the pathophysiology of each biomarker. Figure created with BioRender.com. 1,25-Vit D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; α1M, alpha-1-microglobulin; β2M, beta-2-microglobulin; CDH11, cadherin 11; CXCL9, CXC motif chemokine ligand 9; DKK-3, dickopf 3; EGF, epidermal growth factor; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; Epo, erythropoietin; FGF-23, fibroblast growth factor 23; GST-π, glutathione-S-transferase pi; Hsp72, heat shock protein 72; IGFBP7, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7; IL-18, interleukin 18; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule-1; L-FABP, liver-fatty acid binding protein; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; OPN, osteopontin; PEDF, pigment epithelium-derived factor; SMOC2, SPARK-related modular calcium binding 2; sTNFR-1, soluble tumor necrosis factor-1; suPAR, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor; TIMP-2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; UMOD, uromodulin.