Figure 3.

The total number of study participants in which novel urinary biomarkers have been measured in the setting of CKDu. These counts include both healthy controls and suspected patients with CKDu who have undergone urinary biomarker testing. These data represent studies published through January 2024. α1M, alpha-1-microglobulin; β2M, beta-2-microglobulin; CKDu, chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology; CysC, cystatin c; GST-π, Glutathione-S-transferase pi; Hsp72, heat shock protein 72s; IL-18, interleukin 18; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule-1; L-FABP, liver-fatty acid binding protein; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; NAG, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; OPN, osteopontin; RBP-4, retinal binding protein-4; TIMP-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1.