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. 2024 Mar 19;9(6):1614–1632. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2024.03.013

Table 1.

CKDu studies that include measurements of kidney injury biomarkers

Study Country Total Na
No. controls
% women
Biomarker(s) Normalized to urinary creatinine? Assay / instrument Other measures of kidney function Specimen collection procedures
Adult populations
Gunawickrama et al. Diseases, 202271  Sri Lanka 56 total Plasma IL-1α N/A ThermoFisher Scientific assays (ELISA): BMS243-2 (IL-1 α), KAC1261 (IL-6), BMS228 (IFNγ), BMS2034 (TNFα), BMS281 (MCP-1) SCr, eGFR (CKD-EPICr 2009 and MDRD) No details on the timing of sample collection
No controls Plasma IL-6
  No participant demographics Plasma MCP-1
  Plasma TNFα
  Plasma INFγ
Swa et al. Kidney Dialysis, 202265  Sri Lanka 134 total Serum RBP-4 N/A Luminex xMAP biomarker assay, select samples confirmed with Abcam ELISA (RBP-4) SCr, eGFR (CKD-EPICr 2009) No details on the timing of sample collection
90 controls
  39.6% women
Abdul et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 202131  Sri Lanka 210 total Urinary KIM-1 Yes Cusabio ELISA (KIM-1 and B2M), Ray Biotech ELIZA (NGAL) SCr, eGFR (CKD-EPICr 2009) First morning void (6–8 am)
No controls Urinary NGAL
  40.9% women Urinary B2M
De Silva et al. PLOS Negl Trop Dis, 201629  Sri Lanka 223 total Urinary KIM-1 Yes Cusabio ELISA (KIM-1), Ray Biotech ELISA (NGAL) SCr, eGFR (CKD-EPICr 2009) First morning void
106 controls Urinary NGAL
  Excluded women
Ekanayake et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 202232  Sri Lanka 228 total Urinary KIM-1 Yes Cusabio ELISA (both KIM-1 and NGAL) SCr, eGFR (CKD-EPICr 2021) First morning void
168 controls Urinary NGAL
  40.7% women
Fernando et al. KIR, 201930  Sri Lanka 406 total Urinary KIM-1 Only in some analyses Luminex xMAP custom biomarker bead assay kits (CERTKD-05 and HKI6/MAG-99-K-02) from Merck Millipore; using Luminex MAGPIX analyzer. SCr, eGFR (unspecified equation) Random spot urine
164 controls) Urinary NGAL
  40% women Urinary Cystatin c
  Urinary B2M
  Urinary OPN
  Urinary A1M
  Urinary TIMP-1
  Urinary RBP4
Nanayakkara et al. Environ Health Prev Med, 201263  Sri Lanka 237 total Urinary A1M Yes Latex agglutination immunoassay (A1M), calorimetric assay (NAG). SCr, eGFR (MDRD) Random spot urine
131 controls Urinary NAG
  54.5% women
Wijkstrom et al. PLOS One, 201894  Sri Lanka 11 total Urinary A1M Only for A1M R&D ELISA (KIM-1). Others not specified. SCr, eGFR (CKD-EPICr 2009) Random spot urine at time of kidney biopsy (or 5–6 mo later if missing)
No controls Urinary NGAL
  No women Urinary KIM-1
Wanigasuriya et al. Ceylon Med J, 201748  Sri Lanka 116 total Urinary KIM-1 Yes Millipore multiplexed Luminex kit (all biomarkers). Random spot urine; time of collection not indicated
79 controls Urinary Clusterin
  14.5% women Urinary B2M
  Urinary Fibrinogen
Kulasooriya et al. Int J Envi Res Public Health, 202135  Sri Lanka 218 total Urinary NGAL No Particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay method (Roche cobas C 501) SCr Preshift first morning void (5–8 am), postshift spot urine (4–6 pm), evening spot urine (7–10 pm)
67 controls
  40.3% women
Siriwardhana et al. BMC Nephrol, 201460  Sri Lanka 60 total Urinary B2M No Bioquant B-2MG BQO10T (B2M) Random spot urine
30 controls
  33.3% women
Herath et al. Journal of Water and Health, 201873  Sri Lanka 84 total Urinary L-FABP Yes Not described No details on timing of sample collection.
No controls
  No participant demographics
Hansson et al. Occup Environ Med, 202247  Nicaragua 68 total Urinary KIM-1 Yes Bio-Plex Pro RBM Kidney Toxicity Panel 1 (includes all studied biomarkers in a single assay) SCr, eGFR (CKD-EPICr) Random spot urine; early morning hour preshift; before and after harvest season
46 controls Urinary MCP-1
  Excluded women Urinary Calbindin
  Urinary GST-π
  Urinary Clusterin
  Urinary IL-18
Wesseling et al. Envi Res, 201634 Nicaragua 54 total Urinary KIM-1 Yes Bioporto ELISA (NGAL), BioAssay Works ELISA (KIM-1), Western Blot using ENZO LIfe Science monoclonoal antibodies (Hsp72) eGFR (CKD-EPICr 2009) Random spot urine; preshift (3–5 am) or postshift (4–7 pm) at workplace; before and after harvest season
  25 controls Urinary NGAL
  Excluded women Urinary Hsp72
Laws et al. AJKD, 201633 Nicaragua 284 total Urinary NGAL Yes Bioporto ELISA (NGAL), MBL ELISA (IL-18), colorimetric assay by Roche (NAG) eGFR (CKD-EPICr 2009) Random spot urine; before and after harvest season.
  No controls Urinary IL-18
  22% women Urinary NAG
Petropoulos et al. Kidney360, 202041  Nicaragua 251 total Urinary NAG Adjusted for urine Cr in regression models Bioporto ELISA (NGAL and IL-18), Roche colorimetric assay (NAG) SCr, eGFR (CKD-EPICr 2009) Preharvest random spot urine
No controls Urinary NGAL
  22% women Urinary IL-18
Gonzalez-Quiroz et al. J Am Soc Nephrol, 201828 Nicaragua 104 total Urinary NGAL Yes ELH-Lipocalin2 RayBiotech (NGAL) SCr, eGFR (CKD-EPICr 2009) Random spot urine
No controls
Excluded women
Gonzalez-Quiroz et al. BMC Nephrol, 201927 Nicaragua 105 total Urinary NGAL Yes ELH-Lipocalin2 RayBiotech (NGAL) SCr, eGFR (CKD-EPICr 2009 and CKD-EPICr-Cys 2012) Random spot urine
No controls
Excluded women
Butler-Dawson et al. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol, 202237 Guatemala 222 total Urinary NGAL Yes Quantikine ELISA by R&D Systems (NGAL) SCr, eGFR (CKD-EPICr 2009) Random spot urine, variable times (morning and afternoon) while workers were in the field
No controls
Excluded women
Diaz de Leon-Martinez et al. Envi Sci Pollut Res Int, 201936  Mexico 34 total Urinary KIM-1 No Magnetic Luminex Performance Assay SCr, eGFR (CKD-EPICr) First morning void
No controls Urinary NGAL
  100% women (excluded men) Urinary Cystatin c
Pediatric Populations
De Silva et al. Children, 202125 Sri Lanka 909 total adolescents Urinary KIM-1 Yes Cusabio Technology ELISA (both KIM-1 and NGAL) First morning void (6–8 am)
  No controls Urinary NGAL
  53.2% female
Gunasekara et al. Sci Rep, 202295 Sri Lanka 804 total adolescents Urinary KIM-1 Yes Cusabio Technology ELISA (KIM-1 and NGAL) First morning void
  164 controls Urinary NGAL
  53.2% female
Gunasekara et al. Ped Neph39 Sri Lanka 922 total adolescents Urinary KIM-1 Yes Cusabio Technology ELISA (KIM-1 and NGAL) Early morning void
  677 controls Urinary NGAL
  54.7% female
Sandamini et al. World J Ped, 202267  Sri Lanka 892 total adolescents Urinary Cystatin c Yes Cusabio CSB-E08384h (Cystatin c) UACR First morning void
471 controls
  52.9% female
Ramirez-Rubio et al. NDT, 201642 Nicaragua 200 total adolescents Urinary NGAL Yes Bioporto ELISA (NGAL), MBL ELISA (IL-18), Roche colorimetric assay (NAG) Random spot urine.
  No controls Urinary NAG
  50% female Urinary IL-18
Leibler et al. Ped Neph26 Nicaragua 210 total adolescents Urinary KIM-1 Yes MesoScale Discovery Platform (all biomarkers) Random spot urine.
  No controls Urinary NGAL
  49.5% female Urinary IL-18
  Urinary MCP-1
  Urinary YKL-40
Cardenas-Gonzalez et al. Environ Res38  Mexico 83 total children (5-12y) Urinary KIM-1 Adjusted for urine Cr in selected regression models Microbead-based assay developed by collaborators (KIM-1 and NGAL) SCrUACR Random spot urine
No controls Urinary NGAL
  43.4% female

A1M, alpha-1-microglobulin; B2M, beta-2-microglobulin; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; CKDu, CKD of unknown etiology; ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; GST-π, glutathione-S-transferase pi; INFy, interferon gamma; IL-1a, interleukin 1 alpha; IL-6, interleukin 6; IL-18, interleukin 18; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule 1; L-FABP, liver-fatty acid binding protein; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant factor 1; NAG, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; No., number of; RBP-4, retinol binding protein 4; SCr, serum creatinine; TIMP1, tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase 1; TNFa, tumor necrosis factor alpha; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

a

Total N represents the number of participants in which kidney injury biomarkers were measured. Some studies may have included additional participants in the design and measured kidney injury biomarkers in a subsample.