. 2023 Dec 28;13(4):499–508. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.12.005

Table 1.

Individual responses to exercise performance after consuming caffeine with adverse effects.

Study	Exercise mode	Caffeine dosage	Ingestion time	Sample size	Did not improve	Adverse effect
Acker-Hewitt et al. (2012)⁶⁰	20-km cycling	6 mg/kg	60 min prior	10 male cyclists	4 participants	Not identified
Astorino et al. (2011)⁶¹	10-km cycling	5 mg/kg	60 min prior	12 male cyclists	4 participants	5 participants (increased energy, anxiety, mild tremor, and nausea)
Astorino et al. (2012)⁶²	8.2-km cycling	6 mg/kg	60 min prior	10 young females	4 participants	Not identified
Beaumont et al. (2017)⁶³	60-min cycling	6 mg/kg	60 min prior	8 healthy males	2 participants	No adverse effects
Christensen et al. (2014)⁶⁴	6-min maximal test on a rowing ergometer	3 mg/kg	60 min prior	12 elite rowers (11 males and 1 female)	3 participants	Not identified
Church et al. (2015)⁶⁵	5-km running	3 mg/kg	60 min prior	20 participants (10 males and 10 females)	8 participants (4 males and 4 females)	Not identified
Desbrow et al. (2012)⁶⁶	Cycling time trial	3 mg/kg	90 min prior	16 well-trained male cyclists	2 participants	Not identified
Desbrow et al. (2012)⁶⁶	Cycling time trial	6 mg/kg	90 min prior	16 well-trained male cyclists	4 participants	Not identified
Giráldez-Costas et al. (2022)⁶⁷	Backwards throw	3 mg/kg	45 min prior	13 trained shot putters	6 participants	3 participants (nervousness, gastrointestinal problems, activeness, muscular pain, headache, and increased urine production)
	Standing shot put				2 participants
	Complete shot put				3 participants
Gonçalves et al. (2017)⁶⁸	Cycling time trial	6 mg/kg	60 min prior	40 male cyclists	20 participants	16 participants (tachycardia, increased wakefulness and attention)
Graham-Paulson et al. (2016)⁶⁹	3 × 20-m sprint tests	4 mg/kg	70 min prior	12 male wheelchair rugby players	5 participants	5 participants (increased spasticity, struggling with decision-making, headaches, and nausea
Pitchford et al. (2014)⁷⁰	Cycling time trial	3 mg/kg	90 min prior	9 well-trained male cyclists	3 participants	Not identified
Potgieter et al. (2013)²⁶	Olympic-distance triathlon	6 mg/kg	60 min prior	26 triathlon athletes (14 males and 12 females)	6 participants	11 participants (shakiness, heart palpitations, and gastro-intestinal tract disturbances).
Richardson et al. (2016)⁷¹	Squat and bench press	5 mg/kg	60 min prior	9 resistance-trained males	3 participants	Not identified
Santos Rde et al. (2013)⁷²	4-km cycling	5 mg/kg	60 min prior	8 trained male cyclists	2 participants	Not identified
Skinner et al. (2013)⁷³	40-km cycling	6 mg/kg	60 min prior	14 trained male cyclists and triathletes	5 participants	4 participants (headaches, increased alertness, nausea, light-headedness, and muscle cramping)
Skinner et al. (2013)⁷³	40-km cycling	6 mg/kg	When peak serum caffeine concentrations will coincide with onset of exercise.	14 trained male cyclists and triathletes	9 participants	4 participants (headaches, increased alertness, nausea, light-headedness, and muscle cramping)
Smirmaul et al. (2017)⁷⁴	Incremental exercise test on a cycle ergometer	4 mg/kg	About 70 min prior	7 male adults	1 participant	Not identified
Stadheim et al. (2013)⁷⁵	8-km cross-country double poling performance tests	6 mg/kg	75 min prior	10 trained male cross-country skiers	2 participants	Not identified
Dos Santos et al. (2023)³⁹	8-km cross-country double poling time trial	4.5 mg/kg	73 min prior	13 sub-elite male cross-country skiers	3 participants	Not identified
Wang et al. (2022)⁷⁶	Sprint triathlon	110 mg	60 min prior	12 male triathlon athletes	5 participants	Not identified
Wang et al. (2022)⁷⁶	Sprint triathlon	220 mg	60 min prior	12 male triathlon athletes	9 participants	Not identified