Metagenomic findings, based on Kraken output. (a) Alpha diversity comparison between groups, with p-value based on analysis of variance adjusted for age and sex. (b) Pairwise group comparison for alpha diversity: q-value based on Benjamini-Hochberg correction adjusted for age and sex. (c) Association analysis of alpha diversity with clinical variables using a heat map of metagenomic alpha diversity correlation with outcomes; ∗P-value < 0.1. (d) Beta-diversity based on the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity and the Jensen-Shannon divergence, with P-value based on permutational multivariate analysis of variance, adjusted for age and sex. (e) Taxonomic abundance in the different groups of study subjects. CaOx, calcium oxalate.