Table 1.

Examples of ‘debiasing’ and ‘habit-breaking’ interventions. Taken from references.2, 25, 26, 44, 46, 47

Strategy/approach	Description	Example
Contact	The ‘contact hypothesis’ holds that repeated positive interactions with individuals with a different social identity (e.g. race, gender and sexual orientation) is linked with a reduction in stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination.	Study of simulated workplace contact between white racially prejudiced adults who believed that they were hired to work on a railroad company management task with a Black and White confederate led to more positive attitudes in the prejudiced individuals of their Black ‘coworkers’.
Perspective taking	Actively contemplate the point of view and psychological experiences of others.	Write an essay from the perspective of an older adult.
Individuating	Evaluate and distinguish individuals based on personal characteristics as opposed to those associated with that group.	Avoid stereotypical inferences of people of other races by gathering more information about background, taste, hobbies and family.
Stereotype replacement	Replace personal stereotypical responses for non-stereotypical response.	Recognise a personal response as stereotypical, reflect on the reason and consider how the response can be avoided in future.
Counterstereotypical imaging	Imagine people who counter commonly-held stereotypes. View photographs of individuals from marginalised identities who do not conform to stereotypes.	Expose participants to images of admired Black and disliked White individuals. Display images or symbols from groups with marginalised identities in common spaces.