Table 2.

Strategies for recognising and managing bias.

Strategy	Intervention	Goals	Description
Raising awareness	Provocative engagement triggers	Exposing group biases	•Small group exercises with a single variation (e.g. race) of the protagonist in scenarios for different groups •Debriefing together the decisions made about the protagonists by group can unveil hidden biases based on the hypothetical characteristics of the protagonist. •Example topics explored include race and criminal justice, or gender identity and academic career trajectory
	Implicit association test	Exposing own biases and implicit associations	•Online simultaneous classification task that has been used as a provocative/engagement trigger and an outcome measure in research19 •Individual response latency for categorisation of associations such as ‘good’ or ‘bad’ for visual representation of concepts such as ‘Black’ and ‘White’ race are calculated, and the measure used as a proxy for the degree of implicit associations between the categories •Critics question the construct validity and inability to predict behavior19
	Facilitated reflection	Reflection on biases in self and in systems	•Examine personal responses to provocative/engagement triggers and reflect on topics such as the role of structural inequities in developing implicit bias and the influence of bias on policymaking8
Exploring perspectives	Cultural humility	Explore alternate perspectives
Teaching bias reduction	Simulation	Develop skills to mitigate bias; engage in self-reflection to uncover bias	•Active, experiential learning useful for practising mitigation strategies •Facilitators use well-established evidence-based methods of structured prebriefing and debriefing to promote critical self-reflection and discussion21