Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the COPDGene and KOCOSS participants
| NHW (n = 3,462) |
AA (n = 1,018) |
Asian (n = 1,793) |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 64.3 ± 8.3 | 58.6 ± 8.2 | 69.0 ± 7.7 | < 0.01 |
| Sex (male) | 1948 (56.3%) | 556 (54.6%) | 1742 (97.2%) | < 0.01 |
| Smoking status | < 0.01 | |||
| -Ex-smoker | 2185 (63.1%) | 352 (34.6%) | 1275 (71.1%) | |
| -Current smoker | 1277 (36.9%) | 666 (65.4%) | 518 (28.9%) | |
| Smoking history (pack-years) | 54.3 ± 27.6 | 42.2 ± 23.6 | 44.6 ± 24.3 | < 0.01 |
| BMI | 27.9 ± 5.9 | 27.9 ± 6.6 | 22.9 ± 3.4 | < 0.01 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| - DM | 394 (11.4%) | 155 (15.2%) | 310 (17.3%) | < 0.01 |
| - HTN | 1617 (46.7%) | 544 (53.4%) | 712 (39.7%) | < 0.01 |
| - Myocardial infarction | 286 (8.3%) | 59 (5.8%) | 73 (4.1%) | < 0.01 |
| - Heart failure | 154 (4.4%) | 51 (5.0%) | 60 (3.3%) | 0.07 |
| - GERD | 1107 (32.0%) | 198 (19.4%) | 219 (12.2%) | < 0.01 |
| - Stroke or TIA | 197 (5.7%) | 57 (5.6%) | 11 (2.5%) | 0.02 |
| mMRC | 1.9 ± 1.5 | 2.1 ± 1.5 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | < 0.01 |
| Total SGRQ score | 35.9 ± 22.4 | 40.1 ± 24.2 | 31.7 ± 18.9 | < 0.01 |
| - Symptom | 42.1 ± 25.7 | 44.0 ± 26.3 | 41.7 ± 19.8 | 0.82 |
| - Activity | 50.6 ± 29.0 | 55.5 ± 30.0 | 43.1 ± 23.6 | < 0.01 |
| - Impact | 25.7 ± 21.2 | 30.1 ± 24.0 | 22.1 ± 19.6 | < 0.01 |
| CAT score | 14.2 ± 8.4 | 16.5 ± 8.8 | 14.5 ± 8.0 | 0.30 |
| - CAT1 (cough) | 2.1 ± 1.4 | 2.3 ± 1.4 | 1.7 ± 1.4 | < 0.01 |
| - CAT2 (sputum) | 1.8 ± 1.4 | 1.9 ± 1.5 | 2.0 ± 1.4 | < 0.01 |
| 6MWT (m) | 387.4 ± 121.6 | 336.5 ± 125.2 | 383.4 ± 114.0 | < 0.01 |
| CB (classic definition) | 949 (27.4%) | 213 (20.9%) | 188 (10.7%) | < 0.01 |
| CB (CAT definition) | 468 (25.2%) | 158 (30.9%) | 411 (23.0%$) | < 0.01 |
| Depression | 208 (11.5%) | 56 (11.0%) | 286 (27.5%) | < 0.01 |
| Anxiety | 237 (13.1%) | 80 (15.7%) | 170 (19.4%) | < 0.01 |
| Blood eosinophil count | 202.0 ± 157.1 | 167.2 ± 136.1 | 230.7 ± 257.7 | < 0.01 |
| GOLD stage | < 0.01 | |||
| - I (FEV1 ≥ 80%) | 609 (17.6%) | 178 (17.5%) | 210 (11.7%) | |
| - II (FEV1 50–80%) | 1444 (41.7%) | 482 (47.3%) | 981 (54.7%) | |
| - III (FEV1 30–50%) | 918 (26.5%) | 244 (24.0%) | 505 (28.2%) | |
| - IV (FEV1 < 30%) | 491 (14.2%) | 114 (11.2%) | 96 (5.4%) | |
| postBD FEV1 (L) | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 0.56 |
| postBD FEV1 (%) | 56.9 ± 22.9 | 59.1 ± 22.1 | 58.3 ± 18.1 | 0.01 |
| postBD FVC (L) | 3.2 ± 1.1 | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 3.4 ± 0.8 | < 0.01 |
| postBD FVC (%) | 81.5 ± 19.9 | 82.8 ± 21.2 | 81.7 ± 16.4 | 0.58 |
| postBD FEV1/FVC | 0.51 ± 0.14 | 0.55 ± 0.12 | 0.50 ± 0.12 | 0.08 |
| DLco | 67.4 ± 23.0 | 57.2 ± 20.3 | 63.0 ± 20.7 | < 0.01 |
| Emphysema on CT | 1989 (70.1%) | 448 (49.1%) | 446 (48.3%) | < 0.01 |
| Medications | < 0.01 | |||
| - no inhaler | 404 (30.6%) | 132 (34.3%) | 420 (23.4%) | |
| - LABA or LAMA | 164 (12.4%) | 51 (13.2%) | 438 (24.4%) | |
| - LABA/LAMA | 14 (1.1%) | 1 (0.3%) | 325 (18.1%) | |
| - ICS/LABA | 210 (15.9%) | 71 (18.4%) | 214 (11.9%) | |
| - ICS/LABA/LAMA | 528 (40.0%) | 130 (33.8%) | 396 (22.1%) | |
| Past exacerbation | 1218 (35.2%) | 319 (31.3%) | 353 (20.3%) | < 0.01 |
| Past severe exacerbation | 594 (17.2%) | 282 (27.7%) | 171 (9.9%) | < 0.01. |
Data are presented as n (%) or mean ± SD
Demographic data in COPDGene was based on phase I database, except for CAT score and HADS score, which were based on phase II database
All demographic data in KOCOSS was based on the data at the baseline of the study
BMI Body mass index, DM Diabetes mellitus, HTN Hypertension, GERD Gastroesophageal reflux disease, CT Computed tomography, BDI Beck Depression Inventory, BAI Beck Anxiety Inventory, mMRC modified Medical Research Council,, CAT COPD Assessment Test, 6MWT 6-minute walk distance test, ACO Asthma-COPD overlap
LAMA long-acting muscarinic antagonist, LABA long-acting beta2-agonist, ICS inhaled corticosteroids