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. 2023 Oct 24;9(3):265–276. doi: 10.1177/23800844231199393

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© The Author(s) 2023

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 4. — Bacterial species with significant differences. (A) Bacterial species (Streptococcus sanguinis, Eubacterium nodatum, Lachnoanaerobaculum saburreum, Selenomonas sputigena, Granulicatella elegans, Campylobacter gracilis, Corynebacterium matruchotii, and Leptotrichia wadei) identified via aggregate analysis showing significant changes over time after bonding of fixed orthodontic appliances. T0, baseline, green; T1, 1 wk postbonding, orange; T2, 6 wk postbonding, purple; T3, 12 wk postbonding, red. Overall P values were calculated based on the Kruskal–Wallis test, and pairwise P values were identified using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Significance threshold P < 0.1. Significant P values indicated with a bracket. (B) Candidate bacterial species (Prevotella salivae, Actinomyces johnsonii, Olsenella sp. oral taxon 807, and Prevotella melaninogenica) identified via longitudinal analysis showing significant changes over time after bonding. (C) Candidate bacterial species from genus Mogibacterium (Mogibacterium diversum, Mogibacterium pumilum, Stomatobaculum timidum) identified with association of relative abundance with both visit and bleeding on probing (BOP). For B and C, P values were calculated based on negative binomial and zero-inflated mixed models with visit and BOP as fixed effects. Significance threshold P < 0.1. Significant P values indicated with a bracket. (D) Bacterial species (Neisseria subflava, Mogibacterium diversum, and Stomatobaculum longum) showing significant correlation between relative abundance at baseline (T0) and extensive (>40% of sites) BOP at 12 weeks postbonding (T3). Significance threshold ANCOM-BC q < 0.1 and ALDEx2 P < 0.1. Significant P values indicated with an asterisk (*).