TABLE 1.
Demographics, Comorbidities, and Medications
| Total (N = 626) | RELAH (n = 444) | EILAH (n = 182) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 72 (66–77) | 73 (68–78) | 71 (64–76) | 0.003 |
| Female | 385 (61.5) | 266 (59.9) | 119 (65.4) | 0.20 |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.45 | |||
| Asian | 10 (2.5) | 6 (2.2) | 4 (3.3) | |
| Black or African American | 24 (6.0) | 17 (6.1) | 7 (5.7) | |
| White | 361 (90.2) | 250 (89.9) | 111 (91.0) | |
| Hypertension | 551 (88.3) | 398 (89.6) | 153 (85.0) | 0.10 |
| Obesity, BMI >30 kg/m2 | 381 (60.9) | 275 (61.9) | 106 (58.2) | 0.39 |
| Diabetes | 230 (36.7) | 178 (40.1) | 52 (28.6) | 0.007 |
| Chronic kidney disease, eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 347 (56.9) | 267 (61.5) | 80 (45.5) | <0.001 |
| Prior coronary percutaneous interventions | 169 (27.2) | 116 (26.4) | 53 (29.3) | 0.46 |
| Coronary artery bypass graft | 54 (8.7) | 41 (9.3) | 13 (7.2) | 0.39 |
| Prior valve surgery/intervention | 38 (14.3) | 28 (14.9) | 10 (13.0) | 0.69 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 324 (51.8) | 261 (58.8) | 63 (34.6) | <0.001 |
| Atrial flutter | 65 (10.5) | 48 (10.9) | 17 (9.3) | 0.55 |
| Atrial fibrillation or flutter on baseline ECG | 108 (17.4) | 94 (21.3) | 14 (7.7) | <0.001 |
| Anemia | 232 (37) | 173 (39.0) | 59 (32.4) | 0.12 |
| Any pacemaker | 116 (18.6) | 91 (20.7) | 25 (13.7) | 0.043 |
| Smoking history | 0.97 | |||
| Never smoked | 322 (51.5) | 227 (51.2) | 95 (52.2) | |
| Former smoker | 283 (45.3) | 202 (45.6) | 81 (44.5) | |
| Current smoker | 20 (3.2) | 14 (3.2) | 6 (3.3) | |
| COPD | 126 (20.2) | 93 (21.0) | 33 (18.1) | 0.42 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 32 (5.1) | 20 (4.5) | 12 (6.6) | 0.28 |
| Loop diuretics | 514 (82.1) | 382 (86.0) | 132 (72.5) | <0.001 |
| Loop diuretic dose, mg furosemide equivalents | 40 (20–80) | 40 (20–80) | 40 (20–60) | 0.12 |
| ACE inhibitors | 152 (24.3) | 109 (24.5) | 43 (23.6) | 0.81 |
| ARBs | 236 (37.7) | 167 (37.6) | 69 (37.9) | 0.94 |
| Beta-blockers | 438 (70.0) | 322 (72.5) | 116 (63.7) | 0.029 |
| MRAs | 325 (51.9) | 216 (48.6) | 109 (59.9) | 0.011 |
| SGLT2 inhibitors | 16 (2.6) | 14 (3.2) | 2 (1.1) | 0.14 |
| Aspirin | 241 (38.5) | 157 (35.4) | 84 (46.2) | 0.012 |
| Number of antihypertensive medications | 3.0 (2.0–3.0) | 3.0 (2.0–3.0) | 3.0 (2.0–3.0) | 0.046 |
Values are median (IQR) or n (%). Values of P < 0.03 are considered to be significantly different after adjustment for multiple comparisons using the false discovery rate method.
ACE = angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI = body mass index; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ECG = electrocardiogram; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; EILAH = exercise-induced left atrial hypertension; MRA = mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; RELAH = resting left atrial hypertension; SGLT2 = sodium-glucose cotransporter 2.