Table 4.
Behavioral, cognitive, and functional changes due to social isolation among people with dementia according to severity
| Dementia severity | Adjusted p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mild N = 1611 |
Moderate N = 741 |
Severe N = 861 |
||
| Sadder | ||||
| No | 84 (53%) | 42 (58%) | 43 (50%) | |
| Partially | 27 (17%) | 11 (15%) | 11 (13%) | 0.566 |
| Yes | 48 (30%) | 20 (27%) | 32 (37%) | |
| Loner | ||||
| No | 116 (73%) | 55 (75%) | 65 (76%) | |
| Partially | 18 (11%) | 7 (9.6%) | 5 (5.8%) | 0.731 |
| Yes | 25 (16%) | 11 (15%) | 16 (19%) | |
| More anxious | ||||
| No | 75 (47%) | 32 (44%) | 50 (59%) | |
| Partially | 31 (19%) | 5 (6.9%) | 4 (4.7%) | 0.007 |
| Yes | 54 (34%) | 35 (49%) | 31 (36%) | |
| More agitated | ||||
| No | 115 (72%) | 49 (67%) | 50 (58%) | |
| Partially | 18 (11%) | 7 (9.6%) | 6 (7.0%) | 0.055 |
| Yes | 27 (17%) | 17 (23%) | 30 (35%) | |
| More aggressive | ||||
| No | 126 (79%) | 49 (67%) | 53 (62%) | |
| Partially | 13 (8.1%) | 10 (14%) | 14 (16%) | 0.373 |
| Yes | 21 (13%) | 14 (19%) | 19 (22%) | |
| Delusion | ||||
| No | 138 (86%) | 48 (65%) | 62 (72%) | |
| Partially | 6 (3.7%) | 4 (5.4%) | 2 (2.3%) | 0.003 |
| Yes | 17 (11%) | 22 (30%) | 22 (26%) | |
| Obsessive-compulsive behavior | ||||
| No | 137 (86%) | 43 (59%) | 67 (79%) | |
| Partially | 6 (3.8%) | 4 (5.5%) | 3 (3.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 17 (11%) | 26 (36%) | 15 (18%) | |
| Hallucinations | ||||
| No | 143 (89%) | 54 (74%) | 61 (71%) | |
| Partially | 3 (1.9%) | 2 (2.7%) | 6 (7.0%) | 0.009 |
| Yes | 15 (9.3%) | 17 (23%) | 19 (22%) | |
| Forgetting more | ||||
| No | 64 (40%) | 21 (30%) | 32 (38%) | |
| Partially | 25 (16%) | 2 (2.8%) | 2 (2.4%) | 0.002 |
| Yes | 71 (44%) | 48 (68%) | 51 (60%) | |
| Appetite change | ||||
| No | 101 (63%) | 39 (54%) | 52 (60%) | |
| Partially | 12 (7.5%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.2%) | 0.006 |
| Yes | 47 (29.0%) | 33 (46.0%) | 33 (38.0%) | |
| Impaired activities of daily living | ||||
| No | 132 (82%) | 37 (51%) | 39 (46%) | |
| Partially | 13 (8.1%) | 3 (4.2%) | 3 (3.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 16 (9.9%) | 32 (44.0%) | 43 (51.0%) | |
| Sleep difficulty | ||||
| No | 116 (72%) | 49 (67%) | 58 (67%) | |
| Partially | 12 (7.5%) | 3 (4.1%) | 7 (8.1%) | 0.759 |
| Yes | 32 (20%) | 21 (29%) | 21 (24%) | |
1
n (%); 2Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test. All p-values were adjusted by the Benjamini– Hochberg method.