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. 2024 Jun 3;20(8):3236–3256. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.93875

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Illustration representing the sites of action of different polyphenols in asthma pathway. Hormonal fluctuations and airway epithelium damage trigger the secretion of IL-33, IL-25, and TSLP, which, in collaboration with dendritic cells, activate CD4+ T cells. This sequence leads to B cell stimulation of IgE production, activating mast cells and causing eosinophil expansion, resulting in asthma. The involvement of the NF-κB complex activates immune response genes, stimulating IgE and histamine release from mast cells. Histamine induces bronchoconstriction, contributing to asthma-related respiratory distress. The figure was designed by Biorender.com program (https://biorender.com/, accessed on 20 March 2024).