Fig. 4. Distribution of plasma sEV 3R/4R tau ratio versus plasma EV TDP-43 levels stratified by diagnosis in DESCRIBE subcohort 2.

a, Subcohort 2 without pathology-confirmed cases. Color codes indicate the different clinical diagnostic groups (ALS, bvFTD, PSP, HC). Cut-off values were determined by Gaussian mixture modeling. EV 3R/4R tau ratio cut-offs: 0.77 and 1.28; EV TDP-43 cut-offs: 13.87 pg ml⁻¹ and 56.18 pg ml⁻¹. b, Genetically or neuropathologically confirmed cases were also plotted. c, The ALS–FTD overlap group (ALS with FTD (ALS–FTD), ALS patients with cognitive impairment and ALS patients with behavioral impairment) is indicated in light blue.