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. 2024 Jun 19;14:14126. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-64768-0

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Rates of innocent-suspect identifications (left side) and rates of culprit identifications (right side) for three-person lineups with low-culprit-probability instructions and for six-person lineups with neutral instructions (the standard of comparison) in Experiment 1. Error bars represent the 95 % confidence intervals.