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. 2024 Jun 19;14:14144. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-63605-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Basic concept of a topological GMR CPA. (a,b) Electric field intensity |E_y|² distributions in the CPA operation for conventional and topological GMRs with footprint size 50 μm, Gaussian beam width W = 14 μm under normal incidence of TE-polarized light at wavelengths 1468 and 1493 nm, respectively. (c) Enhanced phase-sensitive absorptance-modulation profile of the topological GMR CPA device in comparison with the conventional GMR at the critical coupling condition.