Table 2. aOR of study outcomes following telemedicine.

aOR (adjusted odds ratio), RR (relative risk), N/A (not applicable). We defined antibiotic timeliness according to the underlying studies as broad-spectrum antibiotics (according to the SSC guidelines) administered within three hours of sepsis onset. Unadjusted results are in red, adjusted results are in black. *refers to the general transfer rate among hospitals with and without critical care teleconsultation service.

	OR [95% CI] following telemedicine implementation
Author, Year	Survival	Interhosital Transfer	Antibiotic timeliness	3-hr Bundle Adherence	6-hr Bundle Adherence	Complete bundle adherence	3-hr lactate measurement	6-hr lactate measurement
Cohort Studies
Campbell et al., 2017 50	1.83 [0.36, 9.25]	7.79 [2.89, 21.05]	2.65 [0.99, 7.09]				1.18 [0.29, 4.86]
Ilko et al., 2019 54		0.69 [0.54, 0.88] *
Mohr et al., 2021 46		7.14 [3.48, 14.66]	4.01 [1.16, 13.87]	3.05 [1.42, 6.57]		17.27 [6.64, 44.90]	7.85 [2.64, 23.34]
Mohr et al., 2022 66	1.96 [0.49, 7.89]	77.57 [51.55, 116.73]	0.86 [0.42, 1.77]	0.59 [0.29, 1.22]	0.67 [0.08, 5.82]	0.45 [0.02, 11.60]	1.30 (0.55 - 3.06)	0.94 [0.15, 5.80]
Machado et al., 2018 47	0.81 [0.46, 1.41]	0.57 [0.12, 2.72]	1.85 [1.02, 3.38]					9.97 [1.32, 75.24]
Powell et al., 2022 56	1.04 [0.56, 1.93]	11.17 [6.54, 19.06]	0.93 [0.52, 1.66]				2.47 [0.34, 18.09]
Steinman et al., 2015 58	3.59 [2.33, 5.55]
Before-After Studies
Davis et al., 2022 51	1.60 [1.08, 2.37]
Deisz et al., 2019 52	2.86 [1.04, 7.83]		3.31 [0.13, 86.07]	1.37 [0.25, 7.39]	20.00 [2.24, 178.92]			23.89 [1.26, 453.00]
Fortis et al., 2018 53	1.04 [0.91, 1.19]	RR 0.70 [0.46-1.07]
Randomized Studies
Marx et al., 2022 55	1.29 [0.70, 2.41]	2.903 [2.01, 4.19].	6.82 [1.27, 56.61]	3.33 [0.86, 12.92]	14.245 [3.12, 85.424]	7.739 [2.38, 28.03]
Taylor et al. 2021 59	1.61 [0.85, 3.02]