Table 2. DEM Material Parameters, and their Respective Bounds in the Sensitivity Analysis Study.
| symbol | value | bounds | |
|---|---|---|---|
| density, ball (kg/m3) | ρball | 7800 | constant |
| density, wall (kg/m3) | ρwall | 1180 | constant |
| Young modulus, ball (GPA) | Eball | 210 | constant |
| Young modulus, wall (GPA) | Ewall | 3.3 | constant |
| Poisson ratio, ball [−] | νball | 0.3 | constant |
| Poisson ratio, wall [−] | νwall | 0.4 | constant |
| coefficient of restitution, ball–wall [−] | CR | 0.11 | 0.1–0.7 |
| static friction coefficient, ball–wall [−] | SFμs,b–w | 0.7 | 0.3–0.7 |
| rolling friction coefficient, ball–wall [−] | RFμr,b–w | 0.5 | 0.1–0.5 |
| time step [s] | Δt | 5 × 10–7 | |
| simulation time [s] | t | 0.5 |