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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Behav Med. 2023 Dec 19;51(2):164–173. doi: 10.1080/08964289.2023.2290485

Table 1.

Sociodemographic Characteristics of Participants.

M SD

Age 44.9 10.52

n %

Gender Female 31 32.6%
Male 64 67.4%

Ethnicity Hispanic 5 5.3%
Non-Hispanic 90 94.7%

Race White 34 35.8%
Black/African American 57 60.0%
Asian 1 1.1%
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
0 0.0%
Native American/Alaska Native 0 0.0%
Other 3 3.2%

Highest Level of Education Graduate school 9 9.5%
College graduate 7 7.4%
Partial college 40 42.1%
High school graduate 31 32.6%
Partial high school 6 6.3%
Junior high school 2 2.1%

Annual Income Not given 18 18.9%
$0 to $4,999 35 36.8%
$5,000 to $9,999 11 11.6%
$10,000 to $14,999 10 10.5%
$15,000 to $24,999 7 7.4%
$25,000 to $34,999 7 7.4%
$35,000 to $49,999 4 4.2%
$50,000 to $74,999 3 3.2%
> $75,000 0 0.0%

Employment (past 3 years) Full-time employment 14 14.7%
Part-time employment 23 24.2%
Dependent on spouse or is a student 6 6.3%
Recipient of public or private assistance 25 26.3%
Not given 27 28.4%

M SD

Smoking characteristics Average cigarettes per day 18.09 17.05
Average years smoked 24.76 12.54
Average nicotine dependence (FTND) 5.44 1.87

Note: N = 95.