Table 2.
Top 15 commonly used prescription medications throughout pregnancy among ages 12–54 years in MarketScan (2011–2020) and MAX/TAF (2011–2018)
| Rank | Pre-LMP | 1st Trimester | 2nd Trimester | 3rd Trimester | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medication | % | Medication | % | Medication | % | Medication | % | |
|
| ||||||||
| MarketScan | ||||||||
| 1 | Estradiol | 12.9 | Ondansetron | 12.7 | Ondansetron | 6.4 | Levothyroxine | 5.5 |
| 2 | Acetaminophen | 6.0 | Progesterone | 7.7 | Levothyroxine | 5.6 | Azithromycin | 4.9 |
| 3 | Amoxicillin | 5.5 | Amoxicillin | 5.6 | Amoxicillin | 5.1 | Amoxicillin | 4.6 |
| 4 | Azithromycin | 5.2 | Levothyroxine | 5.5 | Azithromycin | 4.7 | Acetaminophen | 4.0 |
| 5 | Levothyroxine | 4.5 | Estradiol | 5.4 | Nitrofurantoin | 4.4 | Nitrofurantoin | 3.7 |
| 6 | Hydrocodone | 4.2 | Promethazine | 5.1 | Acetaminophen | 3.7 | Valacyclovir | 3.5 |
| 7 | Progesterone | 3.5 | Nitrofurantoin | 4.8 | Metronidazole | 2.8 | Ondansetron | 3.3 |
| 8 | Doxycycline | 3.3 | Azithromycin | 4.4 | Promethazine | 2.4 | Fluconazole | 2.5 |
| 9 | Fluconazole | 3.0 | Doxycycline | 3.8 | Cephalexin | 2.1 | Metronidazole | 2.5 |
| 10 | Ibuprofen | 2.8 | Acetaminophen | 3.5 | Albuterol | 1.9 | Cephalexin | 2.2 |
| 11 | Fluticasone | 2.5 | Metronidazole | 2.6 | Doxylamine | 1.9 | Terconazole | 2.2 |
| 12 | Methylprednisolone | 2.5 | Cephalexin | 2.3 | Fluconazole | 1.9 | Sertraline | 1.9 |
| 13 | Prednisone | 2.2 | Fluconazole | 1.9 | Terconazole | 1.9 | Hydrocodone | 1.8 |
| 14 | Sertraline | 2.1 | Hydrocodone | 1.9 | Sertraline | 1.7 | Albuterol | 1.7 |
| 15 | Albuterol | 2.0 | Sertraline | 1.9 | Fluticasone | 1.4 | Nifedipine | 1.7 |
| MAX/TAF | ||||||||
| 1 | Acetaminophen | 12.9 | Ondansetron | 13.9 | Acetaminophen | 9.8 | Acetaminophen | 8.6 |
| 2 | Ibuprofen | 9.9 | Acetaminophen | 10.0 | Nitrofurantoin | 9.2 | Nitrofurantoin | 7.9 |
| 3 | Hydrocodone | 8.2 | Nitrofurantoin | 9.7 | Metronidazole | 8.0 | Metronidazole | 6.8 |
| 4 | Amoxicillin | 6.9 | Promethazine | 8.7 | Ondansetron | 7.8 | Docusate | 6.8 |
| 5 | Metronidazole | 5.1 | Metronidazole | 7.5 | Amoxicillin | 7.1 | Amoxicillin | 6.2 |
| 6 | Azithromycin | 4.9 | Amoxicillin | 7.3 | Azithromycin | 6.3 | Azithromycin | 5.7 |
| 7 | Albuterol | 4.2 | Azithromycin | 6.2 | Docusate | 5.9 | Cephalexin | 5.1 |
| 8 | Fluconazole | 3.7 | Docusate | 5.5 | Cephalexin | 4.9 | Fluconazole | 4.7 |
| 9 | Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim | 3.3 | Cephalexin | 5.3 | Albuterol | 4.5 | Ondansetron | 4.6 |
| 10 | Codeine | 2.9 | Hydrocodone | 4.8 | Promethazine | 4.3 | Terconazole | 4.2 |
| 11 | Naproxen | 2.9 | Metoclopramide | 4.4 | Fluconazole | 3.4 | Ranitidine | 4.2 |
| 12 | Oxycodone | 2.9 | Albuterol | 4.2 | Terconazole | 3.4 | Albuterol | 4.0 |
| 13 | Ciprofloxacin | 2.7 | Ibuprofen | 3.7 | Hydrocodone | 3.4 | Hydrocodone | 3.0 |
| 14 | Cephalexin | 2.6 | Fluconazole | 2.8 | Codeine | 3.0 | Codeine | 2.9 |
| 15 | Estradiol | 0.1 | Estradiol | 0.1 | Ranitidine | 2.6 | Valacyclovir | 2.7 |
|
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| Colors (TERIS level of available evidence on teratogenic risk): | None to Limited to Fair | Fair to Good | Good to Excellent | |||||