Table 1.
Participant characteristics.
| Canada, n = 334 | UKB, n = 70,431 | USA, n = 578 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MS, anxiety | MS, no anxiety | Anxiety, no immune disease | Healthy | MS, anxiety | MS, no anxiety | Anxiety no immune disease | Healthy | MS, anxiety | MS, no anxiety | |
| N | 45 | 167 | 76 | 46 | 65 | 1325 | 14,820 | 54,221 | 119 | 459 |
| Females 1 | 41 (91.1) | 132 (79.0) | 65 (85.5) | 29 (63.0) | 52 (80) | 963 (72.7) | 9840 (66.4) | 27,954 (51.6) | 93 (78.2) | 324 (70.6) |
| Age, years 2 | 47.4 (13.7) | 52.5 (12.1) | 43.4 (13.4) | 43.9 (18.0) | 53.1 (7.5) | 55.5 (7.5) | 55.2 (7.6) | 52.6 (7.9) | 37.3 (9.3) | 38.8 (9.4) |
| Highest education 1 | ||||||||||
| ≤High school | 15 (33.3) | 56 (33.5) | 20 (26.3) | 12 (26.1) | 28 (43.1) | 545 (41.3) | 5766 (38.9) | 21,888 (40.4) | 24 (20.2) | 62 (13.5) |
| >High school | 30 (66.7) | 105 (62.9) | 53 (69.7) | 32 (69.6) | 35 (53.8) | 559 (42.2) | 8039 (54.2) | 26,831 (49.4) | 83 (69.7) | 337 (73.4) |
| Other | 0 | 6 (3.6) | 3 (3.9) | 2 (4.4) | 2 (3.1) | 201 (15.2) | 923 (6.3) | 5,078 (9.4) | 0 | 0 |
| Declined | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 (1.5) | 92 (0.6) | 424 (0.8) | 12 (10.1) | 60 (13.1) |
| Education, years 2 | 14.4 (3.1) | 14.1 (2.5) | 15.2 (2.9) | 16.3 (2.9) | 15.5 (4.7) | 13.9 (5.0) | 15.4 (4.7) | 14.8 (4.9) | N/A | N/A |
| Income 1 | ||||||||||
| <$50,000 CAD | 18 (40) | 50 (29.9) | 29 (38.2) | 12 (26.1) | 25 (39.1) | 629 (51.4) | 5641 (39.1) | 15,797 (29.9) | N/A | N/A |
| ≥$50,000 CAD | 23 (51.1) | 97 (58.1) | 43 (56.6) | 32 (69.6) | 36 (56.2) | 469 (38.5) | 7824 (54.4) | 32,209 (61.2) | N/A | N/A |
| Declined | 4 (8.9) | 20 (12) | 4 (5.3) | 2 (4.4) | 3 (4.7) | 120 (9.9) | 928 (6.4) | 6,215 (11.5) | N/A | N/A |
| Ever smoker 1 | 27 (60) | 96 (57.5) | 39 (51.3) | 8 (17.4) | 33 (50.8) | 702 (53.0) | 6,940 (46.8) | 20,470 (37.8) | 64 (12.6) | 191 (33.0) |
| BMI (kg/m2) 2 | 29.9 (7.7) | 28.4 (7.2) | 28.0 (6.5) | 24.9 (3.5) | 26.2 (5.1) | 26.3 (5.1) | 26.8 (4.8) | 26.0 (3.9) | 27.8 (6.0) | 28.9 (6.7) |
| Overweight 1 | 15 (33.3) | 57 (34.1) | 22 (28.9) | 16 (34.8) | 22 (33.8) | 440 (33.2) | 5871 (39.6) | 22,828 (42.1) | 40 (33.6) | 142 (30.9) |
| Obese 1 | 18 (40.0) | 48 (28.7) | 27 (35.5) | 6 (13.0) | 13 (20) | 256 (19.3) | 3075 (20.7) | 7,594 (14.1) | 36 (30.3) | 169 (36.8) |
| DSM‐5 lifetime anxiety disorder 1 | 27 (60) | 27 (16.2) | 70 (92.1) | 0 | 0 | 13 (0.98) | 242 (1.6) | 0 | N/A | N/A |
| Self‐reported anxiety 1 | 45 (100) | 0 | 76 (100) | 0 | 65 (100) | 0 | 14,820 (100) | 0 | 119 (100) | 0 |
| GAD‐2 score 2 | 2.6 (1.9) | 1.5 (1.6) | 4.0 (1.6) | 0.3 (0.7) | 1.8 (1.9) | 0.7 (1.23) | 1.41 (1.7) | 0.30 (0.7) | N/A | N/A |
| GAD‐7 score 2 | 7.3 (5.5) | 4.0 (4.4) | 12.1 (5.5) | 0.7 (1.5) | 5.6 (5.7) | 2.4 (3.5) | 4.35 (4.8) | 1.01 (1.8) | N/A | N/A |
| GAD‐7 ≥ 10 1 | 17 (37.8) | 27 (16.2) | 52 (68.4) | 0 | 11 (16.9) | 15 (1.13) | 1991 (13.4) | 62 (0.1) | N/A | N/A |
| GAD‐2 PGS 2 | −0.02 (0.1) | −0.1 (0.1) | 0.27 (0.9) | −0.14 (0.6) | −0.04 (1.0) | 0.02 (0.9) | 0.03 (1.0) | −0.04 (1.0) | 0.04 (1.1) | −0.01 (1.0) |
Anxiety as a participant category is defined using self‐reported anxiety for all samples as this was the measure available across all three cohorts. Missing N: Canada BMI: N = 6, USA ever smoker: N = 72, UKB BMI: N = 351, UKB ever smoker: N = 320. BMI, body mass index; PGS, Polygenic score.
1
Categorical variable reported as n (%).
2
Continuous variable reported as mean (SD).