Table 7.

Overview of results: geographic proximity and depression

Author	Depression measure	Social network measure	N a	Results b	Quality
Cross-sectional studies
Becker et al., 2019 [83]	Euro-D	Proximity index (Average geographical proximities to network members: more than 500 km, 100 to 500 km, 25 to 100 km, 5 to 25 km, 1 to 5 km, and less than 1 km)	52,513	+	Poor
Litwin et al., 2015 [102]	Euro-D	Proximity (Scores ranged from “more than 500 km away” (1) to “in the same household” (8))	25,245	+	Good
Vicente & Guadalupe, 2022 [107]	GDS-15	Proximity index (Average of geographical proximities to network members; more than 50 km, less than 50 km, in the same city/village, in the same street/neighborhood, in the same household)	612	+	Poor

^an: Sample size, baseline sample was used in longitudinal studies

^bResults: 0 indicates no sig. relationship (p ≥ 0.05), + indicates sig. relationship (p < 0.05)

Depression measures: EURO-D EURO geriatric depression scale; GDS Geriatric Depression Scale