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. 2024 Jun 19;21:52. doi: 10.1186/s12987-024-00553-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Histological localization of PUM1 in brain tissue from patients with epilepsy. (a to f) The expression level of CLDN-5 mRNA in resected human brain samples. The RNAs were isolated from the resected brain tissues obtained from control subjects (n = 11) and patients with epilepsy (n = 12). (a) CLDN-5, PUM1 and PUM2 mRNA expression levels between samples collected from control and epilepsy patients. CLDN-5 mRNA levels in the samples were broken down by (b) the difference of rs10314 genotypes (G is wild-type allele and C is rs10314 allele) and (c) seizure frequency. The data represents mean ± SD. ns, not significant (p > 0.05); *p value ≤ 0.05; **p value ≤ 0.01. The correlation between CLDN-5 mRNA and (d) years of epilepsy, (e) PUM1 and (f) PUM2 mRNA levels. Spearman r values and P values are indicated. (g) Representative confocal images of human brain sections stained with anti-PUM1 antibody. A part of the hippocampal region showed a granular PUM1 staining pattern. Red; PUM1, Green; CLDN-5. Blue; nuclei. (h) The evaluation of the induction of stress granules in vascular endothelial cells in human brain sections (high CLDN-5). Sections were stained with anti-CLDN-5 (green) and stress granule marker, anti-p-eIF-2α or anti-PUM1 (red). Nuclei (blue) were counterstained with Hoechst