Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population.
| All ED visits | Asthma-related ED visits | Non-asthma ED visits | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 1,665,516) | (n = 185,317) | (n = 1,480,199) | ||
| Age (Years) | <0.001 | |||
| 18–45 | 636,623 (38.2%) | 11,517 (6.2%) | 625,106 (42.2%) | |
| 45–65 | 416,082 (25.0%) | 60,400 (32.6%) | 355,682 (24.0%) | |
| >65 | 612,811 (36.8%) | 113,400 (61.2%) | 499,411 (33.7%) | |
| Female | 945,257 (56.8%) | 104,385 (56.3%) | 840,872 (56.8%) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.001 | |||
| White | 879,693 (53.5%) | 119,981 (65.2%) | 759,712 (52.0%) | |
| Black | 551,068 (33.5%) | 57,487 (31.2%) | 493,581 (33.8%) | |
| Hispanics | 120,233 (7.3%) | 2,681 (1.5%) | 117,552 (8.0%) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 48,953 (3.0%) | 1,610 (0.9%) | 47,343 (3.2%) | |
| Native Americans | 3,133 (0.2%) | 292 (0.2%) | 2,841 (0.2%) | |
| Others | 42,671 (2.6%) | 1,985 (1.1%) | 40,686 (2.8%) | |
| Insurance | <0.001 | |||
| Medicare | 671,615 (41.6%) | 126,503 (69.8%) | 545,112 (38.0%) | |
| Medicaid | 409,426 (25.3%) | 29,334 (16.2%) | 380,092 (26.5%) | |
| Private | 505,571 (31.3%) | 24,201 (13.4%) | 481,370 (33.6%) | |
| Uninsured | 25,117 (1.6%) | 995 (0.6%) | 24,122 (1.7%) | |
| Others | 3,924 (0.2%) | 126 (0.1%) | 3,798 (0.3%) | |
| Income | <0.001 | |||
| Quartile I | 206,598 (12.3%) | 7,991 (13.1%) | 198,607 (12.3%) | |
| Quartile II | 221,673 (13.2%) | 7,804 (12.8%) | 213,869 (13.2%) | |
| Quartile III | 524,801 (31.2%) | 19,499 (32.0%) | 505,302 (31.2%) | |
| Quartile IV | 728,257 (43.3%) | 25,671 (42.1%) | 702,586 (43.4%) | |
| Distressed community index | <0.001 | |||
| Prosperous | 384,635 (25.5%) | 34,489 (20.5%) | 350,146 (26.1%) | |
| Comfortable | 391,642 (25.9%) | 41,405 (24.6%) | 350,237 (26.1%) | |
| Mid-tier | 342,404 (22.7%) | 35,358 (21.0%) | 307,046 (22.9%) | |
| At risk | 173,489 (11.5%) | 22,565 (13.4%) | 150,924 (11.2%) | |
| Distressed | 218,942 (14.5%) | 34,496 (20.5%) | 184,446 (13.7%) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Current smokers | 312,036 (18.7%) | 69,856 (37.7%) | 242,180 (16.4%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 517,391 (31.1%) | 72,747 (39.3%) | 444,644 (30.4%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 289,241 (17.4%) | 46,908 (25.3%) | 242,333 (16.4%) | <0.001 |
| HIV | 20,344 (1.2%) | 3,488 (1.9%) | 16,856 (1.1%) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 376,214 (22.6%) | 171,070 (92.3%) | 205,144 (13.9%) | <0.001 |
| Other conditions | ||||
| Alcohol addiction | 67,269 (4.0%) | 9,031 (4.9%) | 58,238 (3.9%) | <0.001 |
| Depression | 236,561 (14.2%) | 38,563 (20.8%) | 197,998 (13.4%) | <0.001 |
| Weekend | 354,480 (21.3%) | 42,234 (22.8%) | 312,246 (21.1%) | <0.001 |
| Anxiety | 243,600 (14.6%) | 41,464 (22.4%) | 202,136 (13.7%) | <0.001 |
| Pneumonia | 59,509 (3.6%) | 13,437 (7.3%) | 46,072 (3.1%) | <0.001 |