Table 3.

Study characteristics

Author/year country	Design	Setting and participants	Characteristics of the participants	Outcome measures	Assessment instruments
AlQarni et al. 2023 Saudi Arabia [45]	RACT	Various hospitals. 125 HCPs (physicians, respiratory therapists, and nurses)	Intervention group: Age (mean ± SD): 32 ± 7 Females 42 (65.6%), males 22 (34.4%) Control group: Age (mean ± SD): 34 ± 8 Females 50 (82%), males 10 (16.4%)	Psychological well-being Resilience Anxiety	WHO-5 CD-RISC-10 STAI-Adults
Al Ozairi et al. 2023 Kuwait [46]	NRNCT	Healthcare system. 125 physicians	Age: 18–34 (n = 65, SD = 52.0), 35–44 (n = 42, SD = 33.6), 45–64 (n = 18, SD = 14.4). Females 99 (79.2%).	Anxiety Depression Mindfulness	GAD-7 PHQ-9 FFMQ
Azizoddin et al. 2022 USA [47]	NRNCT Pilot study	Two urban hospitals. 31 emergency clinicians	Mean age 41.6 (SD = 10.4). Females 19 (61%). Physicians 14 (46%), nurses 7 (22%), physician-assistants 10 (32%).	Burnout Depressive symptoms Anxiety symptoms Perceived stress Sleep difficulties	MBI PHQ-8 GAD-7 PSS-4 PROMIS Sleep Disturb. 8a
Cao et al. 2022 China [48]	RCT	General hospital. 108 nurses	Intervention group: Age (n): 18–25 (11), 26–30 (27), ≥ 31 (15). Females 49, males 4. Control group: Age (n): 18–25 (13), 26–30 (30), ≥ 31 (12) Females 48, males 7.	Mindfulness Perceived stress Burnout Psychological well-being	FFMQ CPSS MBI SPWB
Cepeda-López et al. 2023 México [49]	NRNCT	2 private hospitals. 643 nurses	Mean age 34.1 (SD = 9.22). Females 82.6%, males 17.4%.	Subjective well-being Resilience Mindfulness Perceived stress Burnout	PERMA Profiler BRS MAAS PSS BCSQ-12
DeTore et al. 2022 USA [50]	NRCT	Healthcare system. 148 HCPs	Mean age 43.32 (SD = 13.07). Females 134 (90.5%), males 13 (8.5%), others 1 (1%). Physicians 23 (15.5%), nurses 46 (31.1%), others 79 (53.4%).	Depression Anxiety Resilience Loneliness Self-compassion Burnout	PHQ-4 PHQ-4 BRS UCLA Loneliness SCS MBI
Divya et al. 2021 India [51]	NRNCT Pilot study	HCPs authorized to practice by the state. 92 HCPs	Mean age 43.1 (SD = 11.1), range 19–72. Females 54 (58.7%), males 38 (41.3%). Physicians 56 (60.8%), non-physician clinicians 17 (18.6%), non-clinicians 8 (8.7%).	Depression Anxiety Stress Sleep quality Resilience Satisfaction with life	DASS-21 DASS-21 DASS-21 PSQI CD-RISC SWLS
Fiol-DeRoque et al. 2021 Spain [52]	RACT	Hospital, primary care, and home-care settings. 482 HCPs	Mean age 41.37 (SD = 10.4). Females 401 (83%), males 81 (17%). Nurses 161 (33%), doctors 153 (32%), nurse assistants 147 (31%), others 22 (4%).	Depression Anxiety Stress Post-traumatic stress Burnout Insomnia Self-efficacy	DASS-21 DASS-21 DASS-21 DTS MBI-HSS ISI GSE
Franco et al. 2021 USA [53]	NRCT	Pediatric hospital. 48 clinical or non-clinical nurses	Intervention group: Mean age 46.05. Females 21, males 1. Control group: Mean age 38.33. Females 22, males 4.	Self-compassion Mindfulness Compassion Compassion satisfaction Burnout Post-traumatic stress Depression Anxiety Stress Resiliency Job engagement	SCS CAMS CFO ProQOL ProQOL ProQOL DASS DASS DASS SRS JES
Gherardi-Donato et al. 2023 Brazil [54]	NRNCT	Healthcare system. 44 nursing professionals (nurses, technicians, and assistants)	Mean age 33.8 (SD = 5.6). Females 37 (84.1%), males 7 (15.9%).	Perceived stress Anxiety Depression symptoms Mindfulness	PSS-14 BAI BDI-II MAAS, FFMQ
Hsieh et al. 2022 Taiwan [55]	RCT	Medical center. 79 nurses.	Intervention group: 40 Mean age 42.30 (SD = 8.49). Control group: 39 Mean age 32.51 (SD = 8.24).	Perceived stress Burnout	PSS OBI
Ibrahim et al. 2022 Indonesia [56]	NRCT	Various hospitals. 50 nurses	Intervention group: Mean age 35.2 (SD = 7.9), range 24–50. Females 16 (64%), males 9 (26%). Control group: Mean age 32.6 (SD = 7.9), range 24–50. Females 8 (32%), males 17 (68%).	Psychological well-being	WEMWBS
Keng et al. 2022 Singapore [57]	RACT	Unidentified setting. 80 HCPs	Mean age 30.18 (SD = 6.19), range 22–54. Females 72 (90%), males 8 (10%). Nurses 47 (58.75%).	Depression Anxiety Fear of COVID-19 Post-traumatic stress Subjective well-being Burnout Compassion satisfaction Perceived sleep quality Mindfulness Self-compassion	DASS-21 DASS-21 FCV-19S PCL-C PWI ProQOL ProQOL PSQI FFMQ SCS
Kim et al. 2022, 2023 [58, 59] Canada	NRNCT Mixed method	Psychiatric hospital. 130 HCPs	Age (%): −30 (17.05%), 31–50 (54.26%), +50 (28.68%) Females 93.02%.	Resilience Burnout	NMRQ MBI-HSS
Klatt et al. 2021 USA [60]	NRNCT	Medical center. 99 HCPs. Only included the Covid-19 period cohort	Females 84%, males 16%.	Burnout Resilience Work engagement Perceived stress	MBI CD-RISC UWES PSS
Li et al. 2022 China [61]	RCT	HCPs aiding in Wuhan. 134 medical staff	Age range 21–60. Females 70.1%. Doctors 34 (25.4%), nurses 86 (64.2%), others 14 (10.4%).	Depression Anxiety Perceived stress Insomnia	PHQ-9 GAD-7 PSS AIS
Luton et al. 2021 UK [62]	NRCT	Core surgical boot camp. 38 surgical trainees	Intervention group: Mean age 28, range 25–32. Females 5, males 9. Control group: Mean age 29, range 26–35. Females 4, males 10.	Burnout Stress Mindfulness Depression Anxiety	aMBI PSS-10 CAMSR 9PHQ-2 STAI-6
Marotta et al. 2022 Italy [63]	RCT	Two hospitals. 26 HCPs Only included the Covid-19 period cohort	Intervention group: Mean age 45.2 (SD = 15.1). Females 12 (80%), males 3 (20%). Physicians 3 (20%), nurses 9 (60%), others 3 (20%). Control group: Mean age 39.2 (SD = 15.1). Females 10 (90.9%), males 1 (9.1%). Physicians 2 (18.2%), nurses 7 (63.6%), others 2 (18,2%).	Psychological well-being Perceived stress Burnout Fear of COVID-19	PGWBI PSS MBI FCV-19S
Miyoshi et al. 2022 Japan [64]	NRNCT	University hospital. 13 HCPs	Mean age 49 (SD = 8.6). Females 11 (84.6%), males 2 (15.4%). Nurses 7 (53.8%), doctors 3 (23.1%), others 3 (23.1%).	Depression Burnout Stress Resilience Self-compassion Empathy	PHQ-9 MBI-HSS SOC-13 CD-RISC SCS-SF JSE
Nestor et al. 2023 USA [65]	NRCT	3 hospitals. 130 HCPs	Intervention group: Mean age 44.9 (SD =9.9). Females 40 (61.5%), males 25 (38.5%). Physicians 30 (46.2%), nurses 14 (21.5%), others 21 (32.2%). Control group: Mean age 43.6 (SD = 12.0). Females 35 (53.8%), males 30 (46.2%). Physicians 25 (38.5%), nurses 15 (23.1%), others 25 (38.4%).	Depression Anxiety Insomnia Burnout Well-being	BSI-18 BSI-18 ISI MBI-HSS (MP) WEMWBS
Nourian et al. 2021 Iran [66]	RACT	Two COVID hospital wards. 41 bachelor’s degree in nursing	Mean age 35.60 (SD = 8.21). Females 34 (59.6%), males 7 (12.3%).	Sleep quality	PSQI
Osman et al. 2021 South Africa [67]	NRNCT Mixed method	Health care system. 47 medical professionals	Mean age 34 (SD = 18). Medical doctors and trainees 46%, psychologists 16%, physiotherapists 14%, occupational therapists 14%, others 10%.	Trait mindfulness Perceived stress Burnout	MAAS PSS aMBI
Pandey et al. 2021 India [68]	NRNCT	Dental units of clinics. 30 oral healthcare professionals	Mean age 40.5 (SD = 2.5), range 30–50. Females 18 (60%), males 12 (40%).	Quality of life	WHOQOL-BREF
Prado et al. 2023 USA [69]	NRNCT	Unidentified setting. 100 health care workers	Age (n): 18–25 (8), 26–33 (26), 34–40 (29), 41–48 (14), 49–56 (13), 57–64 (7), 65–89 (2), No answer (1). Females 86 (86%), males 13 (13%), other 1 (1%).	Perceived stress	PSS-10
Thimmapuram et al. 2021 USA [70]	RCT	Four hospitals. 155 physicians advanced practice providers	Mean age 46 (SD = 11.08). Females 103 (66%), males 46 (30%), others 6 (4%). Attending physicians 61 (39%), resident physicians 12 (8%), certified registered nurse practitioners 58 (37%), physician assistants 18 (12%), others 6 (4%).	Loneliness Sleep quality	UCLA Loneliness PSQI
Vajpeyee et al. 2022 India [71]	RCT	Healthcare service. 209 HCPs	Age range 18–60. Females 34 (16.26%), males 175 (83.73%).	Depression Anxiety Stress	DASS-42 DASS-42 DASS-42
Yıldırım et al. 2022 Turkey [72]	RACT	University hospital. 104 nurses	Intervention group: Mean age 27.55 (SD = 5.24). Females 40 (77%), males 43 (83%). Control group: Mean age 29.11 (SD = 6.57). Females 12 (23%), males 9 (17%).	Anxiety Psychological well-being Work-related strain	STAI-I PWB WRSI

RCT, randomized controlled trial; RACT, randomized active controlled trial; NRCT, non-randomized controlled trial; NRNCT, non-randomized non-controlled trial