Figure 7.
Summary of the main findings of this study. Genotype-independent changes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) included downregulation of fatty acid oxidation and increased glucose metabolism and glycogen turnover; decreased lipid storage and ceramide formation and increased sphingomyelin abundance; and proteasome upregulation and downregulation of mitochondrial translation proteins. Gnegative patients with HCM displayed negative associations between cardiac remodeling and fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial function, and levels of biosynthetic metabolites (ie, pentose phosphate pathway [PPP] intermediates, purines, pyrimidines, and amino acids). Conversely, Gpositive patients with HCM displayed positive associations between biosynthetic metabolites and cardiac remodeling. Thus, opposite metabolic changes are linked to cardiac disease in Gpositive and Gnegative patients. Created with BioRender.com.