Figure 1.

The ineffectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies in lung cancer can stem from various mechanism, such as insufficient T-cell infiltration ang high levels of immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment. Cytokines and the composition of lung and tumor microbial can shape this TME and the immune anti-tumor responses, limiting the efficacy of ICI. Additionally, innate or acquired intrinsic resistance mechanism within cancer cells, such as low tumor mutational burden, mutations in IFN signaling, and antigen presentation pathways, may contribute to treatment resistance. Ongoing research aims to unravel these complexities foir improved therapeutic strategies.