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. 2024 Jun 18;7:737. doi: 10.1038/s42003-024-06426-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Ligand signalling analysis between immune infiltrate ROIs and adjacent tumour ROIs. Left, top active ligands. Right, Ligands in the immune infiltrate and targets in tumour ROIs. The opacity of the arrows indicates the strength of the correlation between the ligand and the target. b Gene set enrichment of immune infiltrate targets. c Immunofluorescence staining of one of the top signalling ligands found from Immune infiltrates shows expression of GPNMB in tumour regions. d Inferred Ligand-to-target signalling path between GPNMB and SERPINE1 to VEGFA using the NicheNet package. Size and opacity of arrows indicates the interaction potential between two genes.