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. 2024 Jun 19;14:14105. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-64882-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Detection of Apis mellifera filamentous virus (AmFV) in honeybee colonies. (a) PCR products of baculovirus repeat open reading frame Bro–N gene of AmFV in honeybee samples; M: 100-bp DNA ladder (Enzynomics, Daejeon, ROK); lanes 1 to 7: PCR performed with DNA template of honeybee samples; (−): PCR without DNA template. (b) AmFV was investigated in larvae and adult honeybees in colonies from winter, and was compared between 2022 (n = 189 colonies) and 2023 (n = 267 colonies). The total number of larvae (n = 84 colonies) and adult bees (n = 105 colonies) were collected in 2022; the total number of larvae (n = 150 colonies) and adult bees (n = 117 colonies) were collected in 2023. Statistical analysis using the likelihood ratio chi-square test was performed (*p < 0.05; “ns”, no significant difference). AmFV, Apis mellifera filamentous virus; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; ROK, Republic of Korea.