TABLE 1.

Representative examples of targeted protein delivery systems based on various stimuli‐responsive nanocarriers for different biomedical applications.

Stimuli	Responsive moieties	Nanocarriers	Cargo proteins	Applications	Ref.
pH	PEMA group	Polymersomes	Glucose oxidase	Lung cancer treatment	[22]
pH	N‐dibutylaminoethyl group	PAMAM dendrimers	RNase A	Cervical carcinoma treatment	[24]
pH	Catechol‐boronate ester group	PAMAM dendrimers	RNase A	Anti‐cancer treatment	[26a]
pH	Polyphenol	Polymeric nanoparticles	Anti‐TNF‐α antibody	Colitis treatment	[28]
Enzyme	GALGLP peptide	Nanogels	PON‐1	Atherosclerosis treatment	[31]
Enzyme	Hyaluronic acid	Nanogels	Cytochrome c	Lung cancer treatment	[33]
GSH	Disulfide bond	PAMAM dendrimers	RNase A, OVA, β‐galactosidase	Versatile protein carriers	[36]
GSH	Tannic acid (TA)	Mesoporous silica nanoparticles	Cytochrome c, β‐galactosidase	Versatile protein carriers	[38]
Blood glucose	4‐(Bromomethyl) phenylboronic acid	Lipid nanoparticles	Insulin	Diabetes treatment	[41]
ATP	Zn2+	ZIF‐90	RNase A, CRISPR/Cas9	Versatile protein carriers	[43]
MicroRNA	Single‐guide RNA	DNA nanoflowers	CRISPR/Cas9	Cervical carcinoma treatment	[44a]
ROS	Boronate group	Polypeptide nanoparticles	CRISPR/Cas9	Acetaminophen‐induced liver injury treatment	[44b]
Light	BODIPY group	PAMAM dendrimers	DNase I, OVA, Chymotrypsin	Versatile protein carriers	[48]
Light	DEACM group	PAMAM dendrimers	Glucose oxidase	Versatile protein carriers	[50b]
Light	Thioketal linker	HSA‐based nanoparticles	Anti‐CD47 antibody	Breast cancer treatment	[52]
Light	Gold nanorod	Gold nanorods	CRISPR/Cas9	Breast cancer treatment	[54]
Ultrasound	Perfluorocarbon	Perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions	Rabbit IgG	Versatile protein carriers	[57]
Ultrasound	HMME	ZIF‐8 nanoparticles	CRISPR/Cas9	Breast cancer treatment	[60]
Magnetic field	Fe3O4	Iron oxide nanoparticles	OVA	Cancer vaccine	[63]
Magnetic field	Iron oxide	Ferritin‐based nanoparticles	EGFP	Subcellular control of proteins and organelles	[64]
Temperature	DPPC	Exosome‐liposome hybrid nanoparticles	GM‐CSF	Anti‐cancer treatment	[65]
Electricity	Polypyrrole	Polypyrrole nanoparticles	Insulin	Versatile protein carriers	[67]