Table 1.

Summary of Intervention trials testing effects of LA-oils on glycemic control.

Title/Citation	Cohort	Design/Dose/ Delivery of LA	End points	Findings
Summers et al. (2002) [20]	N = 17	Cross-over design to study effect of SFAs vs. LA on insulin sensitivity	Fatty acid composition, plasma	Plasma LA increased 10% after LA diet period
	Men & women (Non-obese, N = 6; Obese, N = 5; T2DM, N = 6)	5-week diet periods of SFAs or LA delivered through foods Non-random order of fats Goal: To add ~ 5 g LA/d to achieve ~ 20 g LA/d (total)	Insulin sensitivity, clamp Visceral adipose, MRI	LA increased insulin sensitivity and decreased visceral adipose
Norris et al. (2009) [23]	N = 55	Cross-over design to study effect of LA vs. CLA on glycemia and body composition	Fatty acid composition, plasma	Plasma LA increased 10% after LA diet period
Aspetal. (2011) [22]	Obese, postmenopausal women with T2DM Oral hypoglycemic medications	16-week diet periods with 4-week wash-out period LA or CLA delivered through capsule supplements Goal: To add ~6g LA/d to achieve ~ 18g LA/d (total)	Insulin resistance, HOMA-IR Body composition, DEXA Adipokines	LA treatment decreased insulin resistance and trunk adipose and increased lean mass and adiponectin; CLA had no effect on these outcomes
Bjermo et al. (2012) [24]	N = 67 centrally obese men and women with/ without T2DM	10-week parallel arm to study liver steatosis SFAs vs. LA delivered through foods Goal: To achieve ~ 21 g LA/d (total)	Fatty acid composition, serum Insulin resistance HOMA-IR Liver fat, MRI	Serum LA increased 11% after LA diet period LA group had decreased liver fat with no change of insulin resistance (vs. SFA)
Rosqvist et al. (2014) [25]	N = 39	7-week parallel arm to study liver fat change after weight gain	Fatty acid composition, plasma	Serum CE LA increased ~ 12% in LA-oil group
Iggman et al. (2014) [39]	Non-obese men & women	Over-feed participants ( + 3%) SFAs vs. LA delivered through foods Goal: To Achieve ~17g LA/d (total)	Body composition for liver fat, visceral adipose and muscle, MRI	LA decreased hepatic steatosis and increased lean mass gain (vs. SFAs)
Cole et al. (2016) [32]	N = 15 women with MetS	16-week single-arm, non-blind to explore changes of oxylipin profile (not intent-to-treat) in relation to adiponectin Goal: To add ~ 7 g LA/d to achieve ~ 18 g LA/d (total)	Fatty acid composition, erythrocytes Oxylipin lipidomic analysis Adiponectin	Erythrocyte LA, no change LA increased, adiponectin, HMW adiponectin LA biomarker was associated with increased lean mass